Kuma na koyi game da gurɓataccen iska daga gonakin shanu daga fim ɗin "Ajiye Duniya" (2016) na Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Leonardo DiCaprio. Mai ba da labari sosai - an ba da shawarar sosai"
Don haka (jijjiga mai ɓarna!), A cikin ɗayan abubuwan, Leonardo ya isa gonar noma kuma ya yi magana da masu muhalli. A bangon baya, kyawawan shanu masu manyan hanci suna kamawa, waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar “mai yiwuwa” ga ɗumamar duniya…
Kada mu yi gaggawa – za mu gane shi mataki-mataki.
An sani daga makaranta cewa akwai wasu iskar gas da ke haifar da wani nau'i na buffer a cikin ƙananan matakan yanayi. Ba ya barin zafi ya tsere zuwa sararin samaniya. Ƙara yawan ƙwayar iskar gas yana haifar da karuwa a cikin sakamako (ƙasa da ƙarancin zafi da ke tserewa da ƙari da yawa a cikin sassan sararin samaniya). Sakamakon haka shine karuwa a matsakaita yanayin zafi, wanda aka fi sani da dumamar yanayi.
“Masu laifi” na abin da ke faruwa su ne manyan iskar gas guda huɗu: tururin ruwa (aka H2O, gudummawar don dumama 36-72%), carbon dioxide (CO2, 9-26%), methane (SN4, 4-9%) da ozone (O33-7%).
Methane "yana rayuwa" a cikin yanayi na tsawon shekaru 10, amma yana da babban yuwuwar greenhouse. A cewar Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (IPCC), methane yana da aikin greenhouse sau 28 fiye da CO2.
Daga ina iskar gas ke fitowa? Akwai tushe da yawa, amma ga manyan su:
1. Muhimman ayyuka na shanu (dabbobi).
2. Kona dazuzzuka.
3. Ƙaruwar ƙasar noma.
4. Noman shinkafa.
5. Gas yana zubewa a yayin da ake samar da wani fili na kwal da iskar gas.
6. Fitowar hayaki a matsayin wani ɓangare na iskar gas a wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa.
Matsayin iskar gas a cikin yanayi yana canzawa akan lokaci. Ko da ƙaramin canji a cikin rabon CH4 yana haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a yanayin zafin iska. Ba tare da shiga cikin dajin tarihi ba, a ce a yau an samu karuwar sinadarin methane.
Masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa noma na taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan.
Dalilin samar da methane ya ta'allaka ne a cikin peculiarities na narkewar shanu. Lokacin fashewa da fitar da iskar gas na narkewa, dabbobi suna fitar da methane mai yawa. Shanu sun bambanta da sauran dabbobi a cikin sifofin rayuwa "na halitta ta wucin gadi".
Ana ciyar da shanu da ciyawa da yawa. Wannan yana haifar da narkewa a cikin jikin dabbobin abubuwan ciyayi waɗanda wasu dabbobi ba sa sarrafa su. Daga abinci mai yawa (cikin saniya ya ƙunshi lita 150-190 na ruwa da abinci), flatulence yana tasowa a cikin dabbobi a gonaki.
Gas kanta yana samuwa a cikin rumen (sashe na farko na ciki na dabba). Anan, babban adadin abincin shuka yana fallasa ga ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa. Ayyukan waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta shine su narke samfurori masu shigowa. A lokacin wannan tsari, ana samar da iskar gas - hydrogen da carbon dioxide. Methanogens (wani microorganism a cikin rumen) yana haɗa waɗannan iskar zuwa methane.
Magani da yawa
Manoman Kanada da ƙwararrun aikin gona sun haɓaka nau'ikan abubuwan abinci da yawa don dabbobi. Samun ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki zai iya rage samuwar methane a jikin dabbobi. Abin da ake amfani da shi:
Man zaren
· Tafarnuwa
Juniper (berries)
Wasu nau'ikan algae
Kwararru daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania suna aiki kan ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin cuta da aka canza ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda za su daidaita narkewar dabbobi.
Wani maganin matsalar, amma a kaikaice: tsarin rigakafi na shanu zai rage yawan marasa lafiya, wanda ke nufin cewa yana yiwuwa a tabbatar da samar da ƙananan dabbobi. Sakamakon haka, gonar kuma za ta fitar da ƙarancin methane.
Mutanen Kanada iri ɗaya suna aiwatar da aikin Kanada Genome. A wani bangare na binciken (Jami'ar Alberta), kwararru a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje suna nazarin kwayoyin halittar shanu da ke fitar da karancin methane. A nan gaba, ana shirin gabatar da waɗannan ci gaban a cikin noman noma.
A New Zealand, Fonterra, mafi girma mai samar da noma, ya ɗauki nazarin tasirin muhalli. Kamfanin yana aiwatar da aikin muhalli wanda zai gudanar da cikakken ma'aunin hayakin methane daga gonaki 100. Tare da babban aikin noma, New Zealand tana kashe kuɗi da yawa kowace shekara don inganta samarwa da rage tasirin muhalli. Tun daga Nuwamba 2018, Fonterra za ta samar da bayanan jama'a game da methane da sauran hayaki mai gurbata yanayi daga gonakinta.
Samuwar methane da kwayoyin cuta ke samu a cikin saniya babbar matsala ce a duniya da kuma cikin gida. A 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, a gonar Jamus, an sanya dabbobi a cikin rumbun da ba su da isasshen iska. Sakamakon haka, methane mai yawa ya taru kuma fashewa ya faru.
Bisa kididdigar da masana kimiyya suka yi, kowace saniya tana samar da methane har zuwa lita 24 a cikin sa'o'i 500. Jimlar adadin shanu a duniyar nan shine biliyan 1,5 - yana nuna kimanin lita biliyan 750 kowace rana. Don haka shanu suna ƙara tasirin greenhouse ƙarin motoci?
Daya daga cikin jagororin aikin Carbon na Duniya, Farfesa Robert Jackson, ya ce:
"".
Haɓaka aikin noma, ƙaura daga manyan hanyoyin noma da rage yawan shanu - hanyar haɗin kai kawai zai iya taimakawa rage yawan CH.4 da kuma daina dumamar yanayi.
Ba wai saniya ce ke da ''lafi'' don hauhawar matsakaita yanayin zafi a duniya ba. Wannan al'amari yana da bangarori da yawa kuma yana buƙatar ƙoƙari sosai ta bangarori daban-daban. Kula da hayakin methane a cikin sararin samaniya yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke buƙatar magance su cikin shekaru 1-2 masu zuwa. In ba haka ba, hasashe mafi bakin ciki na iya zama gaskiya…
A cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa, tarin methane zai zama abin da ke tabbatar da dumamar yanayi. Wannan iskar gas zai yi tasiri sosai kan hauhawar zafin iska, wanda ke nufin sarrafa hayakinsa zai zama babban aikin kiyaye yanayin. Farfesan Jami'ar Stanford Robert Jackson ne ya raba wannan ra'ayi. Kuma yana da kowane dalili.