Kadan daga cikinmu sun ji labarin tsiron holly na Paraguay. Wataƙila saboda yana tsiro ne kawai a Kudancin Amurka, a cikin yankuna na Argentina da Paraguay. Amma wannan shuka maras fa'ida kuma ba ta bayyana ba ce ta baiwa mutane ma'aurata - ko yerbu mate - abin sha wanda allahn mai idanu mai launin shudi Paya Sharume ya gabatar wa Indiyawa. Mate na ƙarni da yawa ya taimaka wa Indiyawan da ke zaune a cikin mawuyacin hali na selva, sannan makiyaya-gauchos. Yanzu mazauna ƙauyuka suna ƙara yin amfani da kaddarorinsu na musamman, waɗanda rayuwarsu ta yi kama da squirrel da ke gudana a cikin wata ƙafa. Mate yana ƙarfafawa da dumi, kwantar da hankali da ciyarwa, kuma al'adun shan ta sun yi kama da ainihin al'ada - mai ban mamaki da ban sha'awa, kamar Kudancin Amirka kanta.
Mate ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi tsufa abin sha a duniya: tun farkon karni na bakwai BC, Indiyawan Kudancin Amurka sun girmama shi a matsayin kyauta daga alloli. Akwai tatsuniyar Indiyawan Paraguay game da tabarma: ko ta yaya allahn mai ido mai launin shudi Paya Sharume ya yanke shawarar saukowa daga duniyar tsaunin zuwa duniya don ganin yadda mutane ke rayuwa. Shi da mukarrabansa da dama sun dade suna tafiya cikin selva, babu abinci da ruwa, har daga karshe suka ga wata bukka kadai. Wani dattijo ne da 'yarsa kyakykyawa suka zauna a ciki. Dattijon ya yi wa baqi sallama, ya ba wa kajinsa tilo, ya shirya masaukin dare. Washe gari Paya Sharume ya tambayi dattijon dalilin da yasa suke zama a cikin wannan keɓe. Bayan haka, yarinya mai irin wannan kyakkyawa mai ban mamaki tana buƙatar ango mai arziki. Sai dattijon ya amsa da cewa kyawun 'yarsa na alloli ne. Da mamaki Paya Sharume ya yanke shawarar gode wa masu karbar baki: ya koya wa dattijon yadda ake noma, ya ba shi ilimin warkarwa, kuma ya mai da kyakkyawar 'yarsa ta zama shuka wacce za ta taimaki mutane - ba da kyawunta ba, amma da amfani. kaddarorin.
A cikin karni na XNUMX, mulkin mallaka na Turai na nahiyar ya fara, kuma sufaye Jesuit na Mutanen Espanya sun koyi game da tabarma. Daga gare su ne abin sha ya ɗauki sunan tarihin "mate", amma wannan kalma yana nufin busassun kabewa - mati, daga abin da ake sha "Tea Paraguay". Indiyawan Guarani da kansu suna kiranta "yerba", wanda ke nufin "ciyawa".
Masu Jesuit sun dauki al'adar shan ma'aurata a cikin da'ira a matsayin al'ada na diabolical, kuma abin sha da kansa an dauke shi a matsayin maganin da aka tsara don yin sihiri da lalata, don haka an kawar da al'adun shayarwa da zalunci. Don haka, Padre Diego de Torres ya yi iƙirarin cewa Indiyawan suna shayar da abokin aurensu domin su ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa da shaidan.
Duk da haka, wata hanya ko wata, abokin aure a matsayin sha'awar ya fara shiga Turai riga a karkashin sunan "Jesuit shayi".
An sake tunawa da mahaifiyar a ciki XIX karni bayan jerin juyin juya halin 'yanci a Kudancin Amirka: a matsayin alama ta ainihi na kasa, ya dauki wurin girmamawa a teburin ba kawai na talakawa ba, har ma da sabon aristocracy na Argentina da Paraguay. An haifi salon salon shayarwa: ɗanɗanon abin sha a cikin calabash tare da rufaffiyar murfi yana nufin halayen budurwa ga ɗan adam. Mate mai dadi da zuma na nufin abota, mai daci na nufin rashin ko in kula, mate da molasses yayi maganar kewar masoya.
Don gauchos masu sauƙi da makiyaya daga selva ta Kudancin Amurka, abokin aure ya kasance fiye da abin sha kawai. Ya sami damar kashe ƙishirwa a cikin zafin rana, dumi da dare, yana ciyarwa da ƙarfi don sabon doguwar garken shanu. A al'ada, gauchos ya sha mai ɗaci, mai karfi mai karfi - alama ce ta ainihin mutum, laconic kuma ya saba da rayuwar nomadic. Kamar yadda wasu masu bincike na al'adun Kudancin Amirka suka lura, yana da kyau gaucho ya tashi sa'o'i biyu da wuri fiye da yadda ake tsammani, idan kawai ya sha abokin tarayya a hankali.
Akwai al'adun sha da yawa, waɗanda duk na yanki ne.
Ga Argentina, babban mai samar da abin sha a yau, matepita wani taron dangi ne wanda aka yi niyya don kunkuntar da'irar mutane.
Kuma idan an gayyace ku zuwa wurin abokin aure da yamma a Argentina, ku tabbata cewa sun amince da ku kuma suna ɗaukan ku a matsayin masoyi. Ya zama al'ada a zagaye tebur, raba labarai, ma'aurata suna taka rawar haɗin kai, saboda an zagaya tulun kabewa. Mai gidan da kansa yakan yi wa abokin aure hidima kuma ya fara yi masa hidima ga wanda ake girmamawa a cikin iyali.
A Paraguay, shayarwar farko ta abokin aure labari ne mabanbanta: wanda ya fara ɗauka ana ɗaukarsa wawa. Duk wanda ya halarci wurin shayarwa yana musun hakan, duk da haka, wanda yake da irin wannan “ƙaddara” koyaushe zai tofa a kafaɗarsa, yana cewa: “Ni ba wawa ba ne, amma wanda ya ƙi shi.”
Mutanen Brazil kuwa, suna yin girki a cikin wani katon tuwo, kuma wanda ya zuba abokin aure ana kiransa da “cebador”, wato, “stoker”, ta masu sauraro. Stoker yana tabbatar da cewa koyaushe akwai itace da gawayi a cikin murhu, shima yana da alhakin tabbatar da cewa baƙi koyaushe suna sha a cikin bam.
Kawai a cikin 30s XX karni a kan tabarma ya sake jawo hankali ba kawai a cikin mahaifarsa ba. Masana kimiyya na Turai sun kasance masu sha'awar gaskiyar cewa gauchos na Argentine a lokacin dogayen shanu na iya ciyar da rana ɗaya a cikin sirdi, ba tare da hutawa ba, a ƙarƙashin rana mai zafi, ta amfani da jiko na Paraguay holly kawai. A cikin binciken da Cibiyar Pasteur da ke birnin Paris ta gudanar, ya nuna cewa danyen kayan shukar selva da ba a san shi ba ya ƙunshi kusan dukkanin sinadirai da bitamin da mutum yake bukata a kullum! Ganyen holly na Paraguay sun ƙunshi bitamin A, bitamin B, bitamin C, E, P, potassium, manganese, sodium, baƙin ƙarfe da kusan 196 ƙarin abubuwa masu aiki! Wannan "cocktail" ne ya sa abokin aure ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin yaki da gajiya mai tsanani, damuwa, da neurosis: yana ƙarfafawa da kuma kawar da damuwa a lokaci guda. Mate yana da mahimmanci kawai ga mutanen da ke da matsala tare da matsa lamba: yana ƙara ƙananan matsa lamba, kuma yana rage matsa lamba. Sa'an nan kuma, abokin aure abin sha ne mai dadi sosai tare da zaƙi kuma a lokaci guda tart bayanin kula.
Menene hanya madaidaiciya don dafa ma'aurata? A al'ada, ana dafa shi a cikin wani busasshen gourd - Indiyawan Kudancin Amirkakira shi amma gare ku. A Rasha, sunan "kalabas" ko "calabash" (daga Mutanen Espanya "kabewa") ya samo asali. Ita ce kabewa, da ke da tsari mai ƙuri'a, wanda ke ba da tabarma daɗin dandano na musamman kuma mai iya ganewa.
Amma kafin ma'aurata na farko, dole ne a sake farfado da calabash: don wannan, ana zuba mate a ciki (kimanin rabin busassun busassun kowace calabash), a zuba da ruwa kuma a bar tsawon kwana biyu zuwa uku. Anyi wannan ne domin tannins da ke cikin tabarma suna "aiki ta hanyar" tsarin porous na gourd da kuma tsaftace shi da ƙamshi mai yawa. Bayan wannan lokacin, ana tsabtace kabewa kuma an bushe. Gabaɗaya, kulawa mai kyau ya zama dole don calabash: bayan kowane matepita, dole ne a tsabtace shi sosai kuma a bushe.
Wani abin da ake buƙata don matepiya mai kyau shine bombilla - bututu mai ɗaure wanda ake tsoma abin sha a hankali. A al'adance, an yi shi da azurfa, wanda ke lalata shi daidai. Ganin al'adar Kudancin Amirka na shan abokin tarayya daga jirgi ɗaya a cikin da'irar, wannan ya zama dole. An nutsar da sandar a cikin ruwa tare da abin sha, ya juya zuwa ga mai shayarwa. Matsar da shi ko fitar da shi ba za a yarda da shi ba.
Kuma, ba shakka, mutum ba zai iya kasa ambaton pave - wani jirgin ruwa na musamman tare da kunkuntar spout wanda na zafi ruwa ga abokin tarayya. Ruwa, da kuma shirye-shiryen da ya dace, sune mahimman abubuwan sha mai kyau. Dole ne a kawo ruwa zuwa tafasa, sannan a bar shi ya yi sanyi zuwa digiri 70-80. Tabbas, a wannan zamani da muke ciki, yana da wuya a sami agogon shaye-shaye, amma kuma ana iya girka abokiyar zama a cikin jaridun Faransa na yau da kullun. Tabbas, "zest" na sha zai ɓace, amma wannan ba zai shafi kaddarorin masu amfani na samfurin ba. Mate - shayi na Incas da Jesuits, wani hadaddiyar giyar dabi'a na musamman wanda ke ba wa mutane Paraguay holly - wani tsire-tsire mara kyau wanda ke tsiro a cikin sel na Argentine wanda rana ta ƙone; Ana iya samun abin sha na gauchos masu ƙarfin zuciya da kuma kyawawan 'yan Argentine senoritas akan teburin mazaunin birni. Tabbas, a cikin tsarin rayuwar zamani, inda duk abin da ke da ban sha'awa kuma ba a bayyana inda kuma dalilin da ya sa suke gaggawa ba, ba koyaushe lokaci da damar da za su iya shayar da mahaifiya ba. Duk da haka, waɗanda suka yaba calabash da bombilla mate ba za su iya shan mate da aka shirya a cikin jaridu na Faransa ba. Wani irin sabo ne. Snobbery, ka ce. Wataƙila. Amma yadda kyau, sipping abokin tarayya ta cikin bombilla, yi tunanin kanka a matsayin jaruntaka gaucho, duba cikin nisa na kaushi selva. PS