Shekaru aru-aru, ’yan Adam suna neman girke-girke na barasa wanda ba ya haifar da ragi. Marubutan litattafan almara na kimiyya sun bayyana abubuwan sha masu ban al'ajabi waɗanda ke ba da farin ciki, amma washegari da safe ba sa haifar da sanannun alamun rashin jin daɗi. Da alama fantasy zai zama gaskiya nan ba da jimawa ba - aiki akan barasa mara lahani ya shiga mataki na ƙarshe. An riga an yi wa sabon sabon lakabin barasa na roba, amma bai kamata a dauki wannan sunan ba tare da wata shakka ba. Bugu da ƙari, barasa na roba ya wanzu na dogon lokaci kuma an hana amfani da shi wajen samar da abubuwan sha.
Menene barasa na roba
Barasa na roba ba sabon abu bane a kimiyya. Marubucin ka'idar tsarin sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta, Alexander Butlerov, na farko ya ware ethanol a cikin 1872. Masanin kimiyya ya gwada gas din ethylene da sulfuric acid, wanda, lokacin da zafi, ya sami damar ware barasa na farko. Abin sha'awa shine, masanin kimiyyar ya fara binciken da ya rigaya ya gamsu da sakamakon - tare da taimakon ƙididdiga, ya sami damar fahimtar irin nau'in kwayar halitta zai haifar da wani nau'i na sinadaran.
Bayan gwaji mai nasara, Butlerov ya fitar da wasu dabaru waɗanda daga baya suka taimaka wajen samar da barasa na roba. Daga baya a cikin aikinsa, ya yi amfani da acetyl chloride da zinc methyl - waɗannan mahadi masu guba, a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, sun ba da damar samun trimethylcarbinol, wanda a halin yanzu ana amfani da shi don cire barasa na ethyl. An yaba da ayyukan fitaccen masanin kimiyya bayan 1950, lokacin da masu masana'antu suka koyi yadda ake samun iskar gas mai tsabta.
Samar da barasa na roba daga iskar gas ya fi rahusa fiye da na albarkatun ƙasa, amma ko a waɗannan shekarun gwamnatin Soviet ta ƙi yin amfani da ethanol na wucin gadi a cikin masana'antar abinci. Na farko na dakatar da wari - an gano man fetur a fili a cikin ƙanshin barasa. Sannan masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da hadarin ethanol na wucin gadi ga lafiyar dan adam. Shaye-shayen barasa da aka dogara da shi ya haifar da jaraba cikin sauri kuma yana da tasiri sosai akan gabobin ciki. Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta ana sayar da vodka na jabu a Rasha, wanda galibi ana shigo da shi daga Kazakhstan.
A ina ake amfani da barasa na roba?
Ana yin barasa na roba daga iskar gas, mai, har ma da gawayi. Fasaha suna ba da damar adana albarkatun abinci da samar da samfuran da ake buƙata dangane da ethanol.
An ƙara barasa a cikin abun da ke ciki:
- abubuwan narkewa;
- man fetur don motoci da kayan aiki na musamman;
- kayan aikin fenti;
- maganin daskarewa;
- kayan turare.
Mafi sau da yawa ana amfani da kayan maye na barasa azaman ƙari ga mai. Ethanol yana da ƙarfi mai kyau, don haka yana samar da tushen abubuwan da ke kare abubuwan da ke cikin ingin konewa.
Yawancin barasa ana siyan su ta hanyar robobi da masana'antar roba, inda ake buƙata don aiwatar da masana'anta. Manyan masu shigo da barasa na roba sune kasashen Kudancin Amurka da Afirka ta Kudu.
Alcarelle barasa
Daya daga cikin sabbin abubuwan da aka kirkira a fagen hada-hadar barasa shine Alcarelle (Alkarel), wanda ba shi da alaka da barasa daga iskar gas da kwal. Wanda ya kirkiro wannan sinadarin shine Farfesa David Nutt, wanda ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa wajen nazarin kwakwalwar dan adam. Wani masanin kimiyar Ingilishi ta dan kasa, duk da haka, ya yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a matsayin shugaban sashen kimiyyar asibiti a Cibiyar Nazarin Alcohol ta Amurka.
A shekara ta 1988, mai binciken ya koma ƙasarsa kuma ya jagoranci duk ƙoƙarinsa na yaki da kwayoyi da abubuwan sa maye. Daga nan sai Nutt ya karanci neuropsychopharmacology a Kwalejin Imperial dake Landan, inda daga nan ne aka kore shi saboda ya tabbatar da cewa ethanol ya fi hatsari ga mutane fiye da tabar heroin da hodar iblis. Bayan haka, masanin kimiyyar ya sadaukar da kansa ga ci gaban abu Alcarelle, wanda zai iya canza masana'antar barasa.
Aiki akan Alcarelle ya ta'allaka ne a fagen ilimin neuroscience, wanda kwanan nan ya ci gaba sosai. Barasa yana haifar da sakamako mai maye saboda yana shafar wani mai watsawa a cikin kwakwalwa. David Nutt ya ɗauki nauyin yin koyi da wannan tsari. Ya halicci wani sinadari da ke kawo mutum cikin hali irin na barasa, amma abin sha a kan shi ba ya haifar da buri da buguwa.
Nutt yana da tabbacin cewa ɗan adam ba zai daina barasa ba, tunda an sha barasa tsawon ƙarni don rage tashin hankali da damuwa. Aikin masanin kimiyyar shine samar da wani sinadari wanda zai baiwa kwakwalwa dan farin ciki, amma ba kashe sani ba. A wannan yanayin, kashi bai kamata ya yi mummunan tasiri ga kwakwalwa, hanta da gastrointestinal tract ba. Manufar ita ce a nemo maye gurbin ethanol, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa da lalata gabobin ciki.
A cewar David Natta, an tsara analog ɗin barasa na Alcarelle don zama tsaka tsaki ga jiki. Duk da haka, aikin masanin kimiyya a wannan hanya yana haifar da damuwa ga al'ummar kimiyya. Abokan hamayya ba su yarda cewa tasirin kwakwalwa na iya zama lafiya ba kuma suna nuni ga rashin sanin matsalar. Babban muhawarar abokan adawar ita ce, Alcarelle na iya haifar da halin rashin tausayi, tun da yake yana kawar da shingen da kwakwalwa ta kafa.
Alcarelle a halin yanzu yana fuskantar gwajin aminci na matakai da yawa. Wannan sinadari zai shiga yawo ne bayan amincewar ma’aikatu da sassan da abin ya shafa. An tsara farkon tallace-tallace na ɗan lokaci don 2023. Duk da haka, muryoyin kare magungunan suna ƙara ƙarfi. Da yawa suna mafarkin samun duk abubuwan jin daɗi na maye ba tare da azaba ba da safe.