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Wurin Scotch a al'ada yana hade da malt sha'ir. Malts guda ɗaya (bukin malt guda ɗaya) sun kasance a saman ɓangaren ƙima, saboda abubuwan sha a cikin wannan rukunin suna da ɗanɗano da halaye. Yawancin whiskey na ɓangaren tsakiyar farashi shine haɗuwa (haɗe-haɗe), tare da ƙari na distillate daga hatsi maras so - sha'ir, alkama ko masara. Wani lokaci ana amfani da amfanin gona mafi ƙanƙanta wajen samarwa, waɗanda aka haɗa su da ɗan ƙaramin malt don saurin fermentation. Waɗannan abubuwan sha ne waɗanda ke cikin nau'in whiskey na hatsi.
Menene whiskey hatsi
Ana yin barasar malt guda ɗaya daga sha'ir malted. Galibin masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci sun yi watsi da sarrafa amfanin gona mai zaman kansa da kuma sayan malt daga manyan dillalai. A cikin gidaje masu ƙanƙara, ana fara zazzage hatsin don cire al'amuran waje, sannan a jiƙa a shimfiɗa shi a ƙasan siminti don tsiro. A lokacin aikin malting, hatsin da aka shuka suna tara diastase, wanda ke hanzarta canza sitaci zuwa sukari. Distillation yana faruwa a cikin tukwane mai kama da albasa. Masana'antu na Scotland suna alfahari da kayan aikin su kuma suna buga hotunan bita a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, yayin da rukunin tsoffin gine-ginen ke aiki da kyau don haɓaka tallace-tallace.
Samar da wiski na hatsi ya bambanta da gaske. Ba a tallata bayyanar masana'antu, saboda hoton yana lalata ra'ayoyin mazauna game da tsarin yin whiskey. Distillation tsari ne mai ci gaba kuma yana faruwa a cikin ginshiƙan distillation Patent Still ko Coffey Still. Ana fitar da kayan aiki, a matsayin mai mulkin, daga cikin kasuwancin. Tushen ruwa, wort da barasa da aka yi shirye-shiryen suna yawo a cikin na'urar a lokaci guda, don haka ƙirar tana da girma kuma mara kyau.
Kasuwancin Scotland galibi suna amfani da sha'ir mara kyau, sau da yawa sauran hatsi. Ana bi da hatsi tare da tururi na tsawon sa'o'i 3-4 don lalata harsashi kuma kunna sakin sitaci. Sa'an nan kuma wort ya shiga cikin mash tun tare da ƙaramin adadin malt mai wadata a cikin diastase, wanda ke hanzarta fermentation. A cikin aiwatar da distillation, ana samun barasa mai ƙarfi, wanda ya kai 92%. Kudin samar da distillate hatsi yana da arha, kamar yadda yake faruwa a mataki ɗaya.
Ana shaka barasar hatsi da ruwan bazara, a zuba a cikin ganga a bar shi ya tsufa. Mafi ƙarancin wa'adin shine shekaru 3. A wannan lokacin, bayanin kula mai wuya ya ɓace daga barasa, kuma ya dace da haɗuwa.
Sau da yawa, Grain Whiskey ana kwatanta shi da vodka, amma wannan ba daidai ba ne. Sha'ir distillate ba shi da irin wannan ɗanɗano mai daɗi da ƙanshi kamar ruhohin malt guda ɗaya na giya na gaske, amma yana da sifa mai ban sha'awa, kodayake an faɗi kaɗan, wanda ba a samo shi a cikin vodka na gargajiya ba.
Matsalolin kalmomi
Aeneas Coffey mai yin giya ne ya ƙirƙira na'urar ci gaba da distillation a cikin 1831 kuma ya yi amfani da shi sosai a shukar Aeneas Coffey Whiskey. Masu samarwa da sauri sun karɓi sabon kayan aikin, yayin da ya rage farashin distillation sau da yawa. Wurin da kamfanin yake ba shi da mahimmanci, don haka sabbin tsire-tsire suna kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa da manyan wuraren sufuri, wanda ya rage farashin kayan aiki.
A cikin 1905, Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Islington London ta zartar da wani kuduri na hana amfani da sunan "whiskey" ga abubuwan sha da aka yi daga sha'ir mara kyau. Godiya ga haɗin gwiwa a cikin gwamnati, babban kamfanin barasa DCL (yanzu Diageo) ya sami damar yin fafutuka don ɗaga hane-hane. Hukumar masarautar ta yanke hukuncin cewa za a iya amfani da kalmar "whiskey" dangane da duk wani abin sha da aka yi a cikin gidajen abinci na kasar. Ba a la'akari da albarkatun ƙasa, hanyar distillation da lokacin tsufa ba.
'Yan majalisa sun ayyana sunan wiski na Scotch da Irish sunayen kasuwanci, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su bisa ga ra'ayin masu samarwa. Game da malt distillate guda ɗaya, 'yan majalisa sun ba da shawarar amfani da kalmar barasa malt guda ɗaya. An amince da daftarin ne a cikin 1909, kuma shekaru ɗari masu zuwa babu wanda ya tilasta wa masu kera na Scotland su bayyana abubuwan da suke sha.
Tsohuwar hatsi distillate ya zama tushen gauraye, abin da ake kira blended whiskey. An haxa barasa mai arha tare da barasa malt guda ɗaya, wanda ya ba da halayen abin sha, dandano da tsari.
Nau'in da aka haɗe sun sami nasarar gano kayansu a kasuwa saboda dalilai da yawa, ciki har da:
- farashi mai araha;
- girke-girke da aka zaɓa;
- dandano iri ɗaya wanda baya canzawa dangane da tsari.
Koyaya, tun daga shekarun 1960, shaharar malts guda ɗaya ya fara ƙaruwa sosai. Bayan lokaci, buƙatun ya karu da yawa cewa distilleries sun fara barin nasu samar da malt, saboda ba za su iya jimre wa kundin ba.
Gidajen malt na masana'antu sun dauki shirye-shiryen albarkatun kasa, wadanda suka dauki nauyin samar da germinated sha'ir a tsakiya. A lokaci guda, an sami raguwar buƙatun gaurayawan.
Ya zuwa yau, akwai wuraren sayar da hatsi guda bakwai kacal da suka rage a Scotland, yayin da fiye da kamfanoni dari a kasar ke samar da malt guda.
Siffofin yin alama a cikin Amurka
A cikin Amurka, an warware batun ƙamus a farkon ƙarni na XNUMX. A arewacin nahiyar, an cire wuski daga hatsin rai, kuma a kudu - daga masara. Daban-daban na albarkatun kasa sun haifar da rudani tare da lakabin barasa.
Shugaba William Howard Taft ya ƙaddamar da ci gaban yanke shawara na Whiskey a cikin 1909. Takardar ta bayyana cewa an yi whiskey hatsi (bourbon) daga albarkatun kasa, inda 51% shine masara. Bisa ga wannan doka, hatsin rai distillate an distilled daga hatsi, inda rabon hatsin rai a kalla 51%.
Alamar zamani
A cikin 2009, Ƙungiyar Wuski ta Scotch ta ɗauki sabon tsari wanda ya kawar da rudani tare da sunayen abin sha.
Takardar ta wajabta wa masu kera lakabin samfuran ya dogara da albarkatun da aka yi amfani da su kuma sun raba barasa zuwa rukuni biyar:
- dukan hatsi (ƙwaya ɗaya);
- gauraye hatsi (haɗe da hatsi);
- malt ɗaya (malt guda ɗaya);
- gauraye malt (haɗe-haɗe malt);
- whiskey mai gauraya (brended Scotch).
An kama masu samar da canje-canje a cikin rarrabuwar kawuna. Kamfanoni da dama da suka yi hada-hadar molts guda ɗaya yanzu an tilasta musu kiran barasa gauraye, kuma ruhohin hatsi sun sami 'yancin a kira hatsi ɗaya.
Daya daga cikin masu sukar sabuwar dokar, mai Kamfanin Compass Box John Glaser ya lura cewa kungiyar, a cikin sha'awarta na kawo bayanai game da abubuwan sha na barasa, sun cimma daidaitattun sakamakon. A cewar mai sayar da giya, a cikin tunanin masu saye, kalmar guda ɗaya tana da alaƙa da inganci mai kyau, kuma gauraye yana da alaƙa da barasa mai arha. Annabcin Glaser game da haɓakar sha'awa a cikin barasa hatsi ya zama gaskiya a wani bangare. A dangane da canjin a cikin doka, samar da kararrawa guda na hatsi guda ɗaya sun ƙaru, da kayayyakin tare da tsawon lokacin tsufa sun bayyana a kewayon kamfanoni masu girma.
Shahararrun nau'ikan wuski na hatsi
Mafi shaharar tambura:
- Cameron Brig;
- Loch Lomond Single hatsi;
- Teeling Irish Whiskey Single hatsi;
- Iyakoki Single Grain Scotch Whisky.
Samar da wiski na hatsi ya ƙware da kamfani na St. Abin sha mai shekaru biyar ya lashe lambar azurfa a The World Whiskey Masters 2020. An raba buhunan hatsi zuwa wani nau'i na daban a gasar duniya.
Yadda ake shan wiski na hatsi
A cikin kayan talla, masu kera suna jaddada yanayin laushi da haske na whiskey hatsi, musamman tsofaffi na dogon lokaci a cikin tsohon bourbon, tashar jiragen ruwa, sherry har ma da kwandon Cabernet Sauvignon. Duk da haka, yawancin samfuran har yanzu ana amfani da su kawai a matsayin tushen gaurayawan, kuma dandana irin waɗannan ruhohin ba zai kawo ɗan jin daɗi ba. Tsofaffin whiskeys monograin ya kasance mai rahusa, kodayake sanannun samfuran kwanan nan sun ƙaddamar da samfuran cancanta da yawa a cikin wannan rukunin akan kasuwa.
Masoya sun lura cewa whiskey ɗin hatsi mai ƙima ba ta da kyau a cikin tsaftataccen tsari, kodayake har yanzu ana ba da shawarar a sha shi da kankara ko a haɗa shi da soda ko lemun tsami na ginger.
Sau da yawa ana amfani da wuski na hatsi a cikin hadaddiyar giyar tare da ƙari na cola, lemun tsami ko ruwan 'ya'yan itacen inabi. Wato, inda ba a buƙatar takamaiman bayanin ƙamshi da dandano.
Babu wani inuwa mai hayaƙi ko barkono mai haske a cikin barasar hatsin organoleptic. A matsayinka na mai mulki, a cikin hanyar nunawa, suna samun 'ya'yan itace, almond, zuma da sautunan itace.
