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Girman Shiitake
Taƙaice bayanin naman gwari, fasali na girma
A Turai, an fi sanin naman shiitake da Lentinus edodes. Yana da wakilci na babban iyali na fungi maras lalacewa, wanda yana da kimanin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in fungi wanda zai iya girma ba kawai a kan lalata da itace mai mutuwa ba, amma har ma a cikin tsire-tsire. An saba ganin shitake yana girma akan kututturan ƙirji. A Japan, ana kiran chestnuts "shii", saboda haka sunan wannan naman kaza. Duk da haka, ana iya samun shi a kan wasu nau'in bishiyoyi masu banƙyama, ciki har da. a kan kaho, poplar, Birch, itacen oak, beech.
A cikin daji, ana samun irin wannan nau'in naman kaza a kudu maso gabas da gabashin Asiya, ciki har da. a yankunan tsaunuka na China, Koriya da Japan. A Turai, Amurka, Afirka da Ostiraliya, ba a samun shitake na daji. A kasar mu, ana iya samun wannan naman kaza a Gabas mai Nisa.
Shiitake naman kaza ne na saprophyte, don haka abincinsa ya dogara ne akan kwayoyin halitta daga ruɓaɓɓen itace. Shi ya sa sau da yawa ana samun wannan naman gwari akan tsofaffin kututture da bushewar bishiyoyi.
'Yan Asiya sun dade suna yaba irin maganin Shiitake, shi ya sa suke noma shi a kan kututturen bishiya tsawon dubban shekaru.
A cikin bayyanar, wannan naman kaza shine naman kaza na hula tare da ɗan gajeren lokaci mai kauri. Hat na iya samun diamita har zuwa santimita 20, amma a mafi yawan lokuta tana cikin kewayon santimita 5-10. Irin wannan nau'in naman kaza yana girma ba tare da samuwar jikin 'ya'yan itace ba. Launi na hular naman kaza a matakin farko na girma shine launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, siffar yana da siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar launi. Amma a cikin tsari na girma, hat ɗin ya zama mai laushi kuma ya sami inuwa mai haske.
Namomin kaza suna da nama mai haske, wanda aka bambanta da dandano mai laushi, dan kadan yana tunawa da dandano na namomin kaza.
Zaɓin wurin da shirye-shiryen
Ana iya aiwatar da noman Shiitake ta hanyoyi da yawa: mai yawa kuma mai ƙarfi. A cikin akwati na farko, ana yin yanayin girma kamar yadda zai yiwu ga na halitta, kuma a cikin akwati na biyu, an zaɓi kayan shuka ko itace don namomin kaza daban-daban tare da ƙarin hanyoyin gina jiki. Girman shiitake yana da riba mai yawa, amma duk da haka, yawancin gonakin naman kaza na Asiya sun fi son irin nau'in noman namomin kaza. A sa'i daya kuma, Asiya ta musamman tana shirya wasu yankuna na dajin don haka, inda inuwar bishiyoyi za ta haifar da mafi kyawun yanayi don haɓakar shitake.
The climate, characterized by hot summers and cold winters, cannot be called favorable for the cultivation of such mushrooms, therefore, the creation of special premises is required in which it will be possible to achieve control over the level of humidity and temperature. The extensive method involves growing mushrooms on stumps of deciduous trees, which are specially harvested for this. The most popular in this business are chestnuts and dwarf chestnuts, hornbeams, beeches and oaks are also suitable for this. In order for mushrooms to grow nutritious and healthy, stumps for their cultivation must be harvested at a time when sap flow in the trees stops, i.e. it should be either early spring or late autumn. At this time, wood contains a huge amount of nutrients. Before choosing wood for growing shiitake, you should carefully inspect it, and discard damaged stumps.
Don samun kututturewa, katakon katako tare da diamita na santimita 10-20 zai fi dacewa. Tsawon kowane kututture ya kamata ya zama kusan mita 1-1,5. Bayan an karɓi adadin kututturen da ake buƙata, ana ninke su a cikin katako kuma an rufe su da burlap, wanda yakamata ya cece su daga bushewa. Idan itacen ya bushe, ya kamata a shayar da katako da ruwa kwanaki 4-5 kafin shuka mycelium.
Shiitake kuma ana iya shuka shi a cikin busassun itacen itace, amma idan ba su fara rube ba. Irin wannan itace ya kamata a yalwace a cikin mako guda kafin dasa shuki mycelium. Ana iya yin noman naman kaza a waje da kuma a cikin wani ɗaki na musamman inda za ku iya kula da zafin jiki da ake bukata don bunkasa shiitake.
A cikin yanayin farko, 'ya'yan namomin kaza za su faru ne kawai a lokacin dumi, amma a cikin yanayi na biyu, yana yiwuwa a shuka shiitake a duk shekara. Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa lokacin girma namomin kaza a wurare masu buɗewa, ya kamata a kiyaye su daga iska da hasken rana kai tsaye.
Har ila yau, kar a manta cewa shiitake zai ba da 'ya'ya kawai idan ana kiyaye yanayin yanayi a digiri 13-16, kuma danshi na itace a 35-60%. Bugu da ƙari, hasken wuta yana da mahimmanci - ya kamata ya zama akalla 100 lumens.
Shuka mycelium
Kafin fara aikin shuka, yakamata a haƙa ramuka a cikin kututture don mycelium. Zurfin su ya zama santimita 3-5, kuma diamita ya zama 12 mm. A wannan yanayin, ya kamata a lura da matakin a matakin 20-25 cm, kuma tsakanin layuka ya kamata ya zama akalla 5-10 cm.
Mycelium yana cike da yawa a cikin ramukan da aka samu. Sa'an nan kuma an rufe ramin tare da filogi, diamita wanda diamita ya fi 1-2 mm karami fiye da diamita na ramin. Ana dunƙule ƙugiya a ciki da guduma, kuma an rufe gibin da ya rage da kakin zuma. Sa'an nan kuma an sake rarraba waɗannan kututture a cikin katako ko a cikin wani ɗaki na musamman. Ci gaban mycelium yana tasiri da abubuwa da yawa - daga ingancin mycelium zuwa yanayin da aka halitta. Saboda haka, yana iya haɓaka sama da watanni 6-18. Mafi kyawun zafin jiki zai zama digiri 20-25, kuma itace ya kamata ya sami abun ciki mai danshi sama da 35%.
Don kada katako ya bushe, ya kamata a rufe shi daga sama, kuma yayin da yake bushewa, ana iya dasa shi. Za a iya ɗaukar mai ɗaukar naman kaza ya haɓaka idan fararen tabo daga hyphae sun fara bayyana a sassan gundumomi, kuma gunkin ba ya ƙara yin ƙara lokacin da aka taɓa shi. Lokacin da wannan lokacin ya zo, yakamata a jika katako a cikin ruwa. Idan lokacin dumi ne a waje, to, ya kamata a yi wannan don 12-20 hours, idan lokacin sanyi ne - don kwanaki 2-3. Wannan zai kara yawan danshi na itace har zuwa 75%.
Girma da girbi
Lokacin da mycelium ya fara ninka, ya kamata a shigar da rajistan ayyukan a wuraren da aka shirya a baya. Daga sama, an rufe su da masana'anta na translucent, a sakamakon haka akwai daidaito na zafi da zafin jiki.
Lokacin da saman katako yana cike da jikin 'ya'yan itace, ya kamata a zubar da masana'anta mai kariya, zafi a cikin dakin ya ragu zuwa 60%.
Fruiting na iya ci gaba har tsawon makonni 1-2.
Idan an lura da fasahar noma, ana iya girma namomin kaza daga kututture da aka shuka har tsawon shekaru biyar. A lokaci guda, irin wannan kututture zai ba da 'ya'ya sau 2-3 a shekara. Lokacin da aka gama girbi, ana sake sanya kututturen a cikin katako, kuma an rufe shi da zane mai watsa haske a saman.
Tabbatar hana raguwar danshi na itace zuwa matakin ƙasa da 40%, sannan kuma kula da zafin iska a digiri 16-20.
Lokacin da itacen ya bushe kadan, yakamata a sake jika shi cikin ruwa.