Ba za a iya tunanin rayuwarmu ba tare da hasken wucin gadi ba. Don rayuwa da aiki, mutane kawai suna buƙatar haske ta amfani da fitilu. A baya can, kawai talakawa incandescent kwararan fitila aka yi amfani da wannan.
Ka'idar aiki na fitilun wuta yana dogara ne akan sauya wutar lantarki ta hanyar filament zuwa haske. A cikin fitilun wuta, filament na tungsten yana dumama zuwa haske mai haske ta hanyar aikin wutar lantarki. Yawan zafin jiki na filament mai zafi ya kai digiri 2600-3000 C. Ana fitar da fitilun fitilun fitilu ko cike da iskar gas mai banƙyama, wanda tungsten filament ba a oxidized: nitrogen; argon; krypton; cakuda nitrogen, argon, xenon. Fitilolin wuta suna yin zafi sosai yayin aiki.
A kowace shekara, bukatun ɗan adam na wutar lantarki yana ƙaruwa sosai. Sakamakon nazarin abubuwan da ake sa ran samun ci gaban fasahohin hasken wuta, kwararrun sun amince da maye gurbin fitattun fitulun da ba a iya amfani da su ba tare da fitilun ceton makamashi a matsayin jagora mafi ci gaba. Masana sun yi imanin cewa dalilin da ya sa shi ne gagarumin fifiko na sabon ƙarni na makamashi ceto fitilu a kan "zafi" fitilu.
Fitilolin ceton makamashi ana kiran su fitilu masu kyalli, waɗanda ke cikin faffadan nau'ikan hasken wutar da ke fitar da iskar gas. Fitillun fitarwa, ba kamar fitulun wuta ba, suna fitar da haske saboda fitar da wutar lantarki da ke wucewa ta cikin iskar gas da ke cika sararin fitilar: hasken ultraviolet na fitar da iskar gas yana juyewa zuwa haske da muke gani.
Fitilolin ceton makamashi sun ƙunshi flask mai cike da tururin mercury da argon, da ballast (starter). Ana amfani da wani abu na musamman da ake kira phosphor a saman ciki na flask. A karkashin aikin babban ƙarfin lantarki a cikin fitilar, motsi na electrons yana faruwa. Rikicin electrons tare da atom na mercury yana haifar da hasken ultraviolet marar ganuwa, wanda, wucewa ta cikin phosphor, ya zama haske mai gani.
Пamfanin fitulun ceton makamashi
Babban fa'idar fitilun ceton makamashi shine babban ingancinsu mai haske, wanda ya ninka na fitulun da ba su da ƙarfi sau da yawa. Bangaren ceton makamashi ya ta'allaka ne a daidai lokacin da mafi girman wutar lantarki da ake bayarwa ga fitilar ceton makamashi ta juya zuwa haske, yayin da a cikin fitilun fitilu har kashi 90% na wutar lantarki ana kashewa kawai don dumama wayar tungsten.
Wani amfani da babu shakka na fitulun ceton makamashi shine rayuwar sabis ɗin su, wanda aka ƙaddara ta tsawon lokaci daga awanni 6 zuwa 15 na ci gaba da ƙonewa. Wannan adadi ya zarce rayuwar sabis na fitilun fitilu na yau da kullun da kusan sau 20. Mafi yawan abin da ke haifar da gazawar kwan fitila mai ƙonewa shine filament mai ƙonewa. Tsarin fitilar ceton makamashi yana guje wa wannan matsala, ta yadda za su sami tsawon rayuwar sabis.
Amfani na uku na fitilu masu ceton makamashi shine ikon zaɓar launi na haske. Zai iya zama nau'i uku: rana, na halitta da dumi. Ƙananan zafin launi, mafi kusa da launi shine ja; mafi girma, mafi kusa da shuɗi.
Wani fa'idar fitulun ceton makamashi shine ƙarancin fitar da zafi, wanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da ƙananan fitilun fitilu masu ƙarfi a cikin fitilun bango masu rauni, fitilu da chandeliers. Ba shi yiwuwa a yi amfani da fitilun wuta tare da zafi mai zafi a cikinsu, tun da ɓangaren filastik na harsashi ko waya na iya narke.
Fa'ida ta gaba ta fitilun ceton makamashi shine haskensu yana rarraba cikin laushi, fiye da na fitilun fitilu. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin fitilar wuta, haske yana fitowa ne kawai daga filament na tungsten, yayin da fitilar ceton makamashi ke haskakawa gaba dayanta. Saboda yadda haske ya fi yawa, fitulun ceton makamashi suna rage gajiyar idon ɗan adam.
Rashin hasara na fitulun ceton makamashi
Hakanan fitilu masu ceton makamashi suna da asara: lokacin duminsu yana ɗaukar har zuwa mintuna 2, wato, za su buƙaci ɗan lokaci don haɓaka mafi girman haske. Hakanan, fitulun ceton makamashi suna kyalli.
Wani rashin lahani na fitulun ceton makamashi shine yadda mutum ba zai iya zama kusa da su ba fiye da santimita 30. Saboda yawan hasken ultraviolet na fitilu masu ceton makamashi, idan an sanya su kusa da su, mutanen da ke da yawan zafin jiki da kuma wadanda ke da cututtuka na dermatological na iya cutar da su. Duk da haka, idan mutum yana da nisa da bai wuce santimita 30 ba daga fitilun, ba a cutar da shi. Har ila yau, ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da fitilu masu ceton makamashi tare da ikon fiye da 22 watts a cikin wuraren zama ba, saboda. wannan kuma yana iya yin mummunar tasiri ga mutanen da fatar jikinsu ke da hankali sosai.
Wani hasara kuma shine fitulun ceton makamashi ba a daidaita su don yin aiki a cikin ƙananan zafin jiki (-15-20ºC), kuma a yanayin zafi mai tsayi, ƙarfin fitar haskensu yana raguwa. Rayuwar sabis na fitulun ceton makamashi ya dogara sosai akan yanayin aiki, musamman, ba sa son kunnawa da kashewa akai-akai. Ƙirar fitilu masu ceton makamashi baya ƙyale amfani da su a cikin luminaires inda akwai matakan matakan haske. Lokacin da babban ƙarfin lantarki ya ragu da fiye da 10%, fitulun ceton makamashi kawai ba sa haskakawa.
Rashin lahani ya haɗa da abun ciki na mercury da phosphorus, waɗanda, ko da yake a cikin ƙananan yawa, suna cikin fitilu masu ceton makamashi. Wannan ba shi da mahimmanci lokacin da fitilar ke aiki, amma yana iya zama haɗari idan ta karye. Don haka, ana iya rarraba fitulun ceton makamashi a matsayin masu cutar da muhalli, don haka suna buƙatar zubar da su na musamman (ba za a iya jefa su cikin kwandon shara da kwandon shara na titi ba).
Wani rashin lahani na fitulun ceton makamashi idan aka kwatanta da fitilun fitilu na gargajiya shine tsadar su.
Dabarun ceton makamashi na Tarayyar Turai
A cikin watan Disamba na 2005, EU ta ba da umarni da ke tilasta duk ƙasashe membobinta su haɓaka tsare-tsaren ayyukan inganta makamashi na ƙasa (EEAPs - Energie-Effizienz-Actions-Plane). Dangane da EEAPs, a cikin shekaru 9 masu zuwa (daga 2008 zuwa 2017), kowane ɗayan ƙasashen EU 27 dole ne ya cimma aƙalla 1% a kowace shekara a cikin tanadin wutar lantarki a duk sassan da ake amfani da shi.
A kan umarnin Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Cibiyar aiwatar da EEAPs ta Cibiyar Wuppertal (Jamus) ta haɓaka. Tun daga shekara ta 2011, duk ƙasashen EU wajibi ne su cika waɗannan wajibai. Ci gaba da saka idanu kan aiwatar da tsare-tsaren don inganta ingantaccen makamashi na tsarin hasken wucin gadi an ba da amana ga ƙungiyar aiki na musamman da aka ƙirƙira - ROMS (Roll Out Member States). An kafa shi a farkon 2007 ta Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai na Masu Kera Haske da Abubuwan Haɓaka (CELMA) da Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai na Masana'antun Hasken Haske (ELC). Bisa ga ƙididdige ƙididdiga na masana daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin, dukkanin ƙasashen EU na 27, ta hanyar ƙaddamar da kayan aiki da tsarin hasken wutar lantarki masu amfani da makamashi, suna da damar gaske don rage yawan iskar CO2 da kusan tan miliyan 40 / shekara, wanda: 20 miliyan ton / shekara na CO2 - a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; 8,0 miliyan ton / shekara na CO2 - a cikin gine-ginen jama'a don dalilai daban-daban da kuma a cikin sashin sabis; 8,0 miliyan ton / shekara na CO2 - a cikin gine-ginen masana'antu da ƙananan masana'antu; 3,5 miliyan ton / shekara na CO2 - a cikin kayan aikin hasken waje a cikin birane. Har ila yau, za a sauƙaƙe tanadin makamashi ta hanyar gabatarwa a cikin al'adar ƙirar ƙirar hasken wuta na sababbin ka'idojin hasken Turai: EN 12464-1 (Hasken wuraren aiki na cikin gida); TS EN 12464-2 Hasken wuraren aiki na waje; TS EN 15193-1 (Kimanin makamashi na gine-gine - Bukatun makamashi don hasken wuta - kimanta buƙatun makamashi don hasken wuta).
Dangane da Mataki na 12 na ESD Directive (Uwararrun Sabis na Makamashi), Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta wakilta ga Kwamitin Turai don daidaitawa a Injiniyan Lantarki (CENELEC) umarnin haɓaka takamaiman ka'idodin ceton makamashi. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin yakamata su samar da hanyoyin daidaitawa don ƙididdige halayen ingancin makamashi na duka gine-gine gabaɗaya da samfuran mutum ɗaya, shigarwa da tsarin a cikin hadadden kayan aikin injiniya.
Shirin Ayyukan Makamashi wanda Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta gabatar a watan Oktoba 2006 ya tsara ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ingancin makamashi don ƙungiyoyin samfura 14. An ƙara jerin waɗannan samfuran zuwa matsayi na 20 a farkon 2007. Na'urorin hasken wuta don titi, ofis da kuma amfani da gida an rarraba su azaman kayan da ke ƙarƙashin iko na musamman don ceton makamashi.
A cikin watan Yuni 2007, masana'antun hasken wutar lantarki na Turai sun fitar da cikakkun bayanai game da kawar da ƙananan kwararan fitila masu amfani da gida da kuma janyewar su gaba daya daga kasuwannin Turai ta 2015. Bisa ga ƙididdiga, wannan yunƙurin zai haifar da raguwar 60% na CO2 watsi. (ta megatons 23 a kowace shekara) daga hasken gida, ceton kusan Yuro biliyan 7 ko awoyi gigawatt 63 na wutar lantarki a kowace shekara.
Kwamishinan Harkokin Makamashi na EU Andris Piebalgs ya bayyana gamsuwa da shirin da masana'antun samar da hasken wuta suka gabatar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta yanke shawarar kawar da kwararan fitila masu kama da wuta. Bisa ga ƙudirin da aka amince da shi, za a maye gurbin hanyoyin hasken da ke cinye wutar lantarki da yawa da masu ceton makamashi a hankali:
Satumba 2009 – An haramta masu sanyi da fitulun fitulun wuta sama da 100 W;
Satumba 2010 – fitilun fitilu masu haske sama da 75 W ba a yarda ba;
Satumba 2011 – An haramta fitulun fitilu masu haske sama da 60 W;
Satumba 2012 – an gabatar da haramcin fitilun fitilu masu haske sama da 40 da 25 W;
Satumba 2013 - m buƙatun ga m mai kyalli fitilu da LED luminaires aka gabatar;
Satumba 2016 - An gabatar da tsauraran buƙatun don fitilun halogen.
A cewar masana, sakamakon sauya sheka zuwa fitulun ceton makamashi, amfani da wutar lantarki a kasashen Turai zai ragu da kashi 3-4%. Ministan makamashi na Faransa Jean-Louis Borlo ya kiyasta yuwuwar tanadin makamashi a sa'o'i 40 na terawatt a kowace shekara. Kusan adadin kuɗin da aka tara zai zo ne daga matakin da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ɗauka a baya na kawar da fitulun wuta na gargajiya a ofisoshi, masana'antu da kan tituna.
Dabarun ceton makamashi a Rasha
A cikin 1996, an karɓi Dokar "Akan Makamashi" a Rasha, wanda, saboda wasu dalilai, bai yi aiki ba. A watan Nuwamba 2008, jihar Duma ta amince da karatun da dokar ta fara aiki ", wanda ke ba da ingantaccen makamashi da na'urori da 3 kW.
Manufar gabatar da ka'idojin da daftarin doka ya tanadar shine don haɓaka ƙarfin makamashi da kuma ƙarfafa ceton makamashi a cikin Tarayyar Rasha. Bisa ga daftarin dokar, ana aiwatar da matakan ka'idojin jihohi a fannin kiyaye makamashi da ingancin makamashi ta hanyar kafa: jerin alamomi don tantance tasirin ayyukan hukumomin zartarwa na ƙungiyoyin Tarayyar Rasha da ƙananan hukumomi a cikin filin ceton makamashi da ingantaccen makamashi; buƙatun don samarwa da rarraba na'urorin makamashi; hane-hane (hani) a fagen samarwa don manufar siyarwa a cikin yankin Tarayyar Rasha da kuma wurare dabam dabam a cikin Tarayyar Rasha na na'urorin makamashi waɗanda ke ba da izinin amfani da albarkatun makamashi mara amfani; buƙatun don lissafin samarwa, watsawa da amfani da albarkatun makamashi; bukatun don ingantaccen makamashi don gine-gine, gine-gine da gine-gine; buƙatun don abun ciki da lokacin matakan ceton makamashi a cikin ɗakunan gidaje, ciki har da 'yan ƙasa - masu mallakar gidaje a cikin gine-gine; buƙatun don watsa bayanan dole a fagen kiyaye makamashi da ingantaccen makamashi; bukatu don aiwatar da bayanai da shirye-shiryen ilimi a fagen kiyaye makamashi da ingantaccen makamashi.
A ranar 2 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009, shugaban kasar Rasha Dmitry Medvedev, da yake magana a wani taron majalisar gudanarwar majalisar gudanarwar kasar kan inganta makamashin da tattalin arzikin kasar Rasha ya yi, bai kawar da cewa a kasar Rasha, domin kara karfin makamashi, an haramta wa kasar takunkumi. za a gabatar da zagayawa na fitulun wuta.
Bi da bi, Ministan raya tattalin arziki Elvira Nabiullina, bayan wani taro na Presidium na Majalisar Dokokin Tarayyar Rasha, ya sanar da cewa, za a iya gabatar da haramcin samarwa da rarraba fitulun da ke da iko fiye da 100 W daga watan Janairu. 1, 2011. A cewar Nabiullina, an tsara matakan da suka dace da daftarin doka game da ingancin makamashi, wanda aka shirya don karatu na biyu.