Ba tare da canja wuri ba, babu wani psychoanalysis.

“Na sami likitana kwatsam a Intanet, kuma nan da nan na gane cewa shi ne,” in ji Sofia ’yar shekara 45, wadda ta je jinya tsawon watanni shida. – A kowane zaman, yana ba ni mamaki; muna dariya tare, ina son in kara saninsa: shin ya yi aure, ko akwai yara. Amma masu ilimin halin dan Adam sun guji yin magana game da cikakkun bayanan rayuwarsu. "Sun fi son su ci gaba da kasancewa na tsaka tsaki, wanda Freud ya yi la'akari da tushen maganin psychoanalytic," in ji masanin ilimin psychoanalyst Marina Harutyunyan. Kasancewar adadi mai tsaka-tsaki, manazarci yana ba mai haƙuri damar yin tunanin kansa da yardar kaina. Kuma wannan yana haifar da canja wurin ji a sararin samaniya da lokaci, wanda ake kira canja wuri.¹.

Fahimtar zato

Akwai sanannen ra'ayi na psychoanalysis (da canja wuri a matsayin muhimmin sashi na shi) wanda muka zana daga al'adun pop. Hoton mai ilimin halin dan Adam yana cikin fina-finai da yawa: "Bincike Wannan", "Sopranos", "Couch a New York", "Launi na Dare", kusan a cikin fina-finai na Woody Allen. "Wannan ra'ayi mai sauƙi yana sa mu yarda cewa abokin ciniki yana ganin mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali a matsayin uwa ko uba. Amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ne, - ya ƙayyade Marina Harutyunyan. "Abokin ciniki yana canjawa zuwa ga manazarci ba hoton ainihin uwa ba, amma fantasy game da ita, ko watakila fantasy game da wani bangare na ta."

Ta haka ne, da «mahaifiyar» na iya karya har cikin wani mugun uwar uwar, wanda ya yi fatan yaron ya mutu ko azabtar da shi, da kuma irin, impeccably m uwa. Hakanan ana iya wakilta shi a wani bangare, a cikin nau'in fantasy na manufa, nono koyaushe akwai. Menene ke ƙayyade wane irin fantasy na abokin ciniki za a yi hasashe akan mai ilimin halin dan Adam? "Daga abin da ya ji rauni, inda aka keta tunanin ci gaban rayuwarsa," in ji Marina Harutyunyan, "kuma menene ainihin cibiyar abubuwan da ba a sani ba da kuma burinsa. Ko a matsayin guda «bim na haske» ko raba «bim», duk wannan bayyana kanta a cikin dogon nazari far.

A tsawon lokaci, abokin ciniki ya gano kuma ya fahimci tunaninsa (da alaka da abubuwan da ya faru na yara) a matsayin dalilin matsalolinsa a halin yanzu. Sabili da haka, ana iya kiran canja wuri ƙarfin motsa jiki na psychotherapy.

Ba soyayya kadai ba

Ƙaddamar da mai bincike, abokin ciniki ya fara fahimtar yadda yake ji a cikin canja wuri kuma ya fahimci abin da suke da alaka da su. Abokin ciniki ya yi kuskuren kuskuren mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali don abin da yake ji, amma ji da kansu na gaske ne. "Ba mu da 'yancin yin jayayya game da yanayin "ƙauna" na gaskiya a cikin soyayya, wanda ke bayyana kansa a cikin maganin nazari," in ji Sigmund Freud. Kuma kuma: “Wannan soyayyar ta ƙunshi sabbin ɗabi’u na tsofaffin ɗabi’u da kuma maimaita halayen yara. Amma wannan sifa ce mai mahimmanci ta kowace soyayya. Babu wata soyayyar da ba ta maimaita abin da yaro ya yi.².

Canja wurin yana haifar da mafarki kuma yana goyan bayan sha'awar abokin ciniki don yin magana game da kansa da fahimtar kansa don yin wannan. Duk da haka, yawan ƙauna yana iya tsoma baki. Abokin ciniki ya fara guje wa ikirari ga irin wannan tunanin, wanda, daga ra'ayinsa, zai sa ya zama mai ban sha'awa a idanun likitancin. Ya manta ainihin manufarsa - don ya warke. Saboda haka, mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ya dawo da abokin ciniki zuwa ayyukan farfadowa. Lyudmila ’yar shekara 42 ta ce: “Mai nazari na ya bayyana mani yadda canja wurin zama yake yi sa’ad da na furta cewa ina ƙaunarsa.

Kusan muna danganta canzawa ta atomatik tare da kasancewa cikin soyayya, amma akwai wasu gogewa a cikin canja wuri waɗanda suka fara tun suna ƙuruciya. "Bayan haka, ba za a iya cewa yaro yana ƙaunar iyayensa ba, wannan wani ɓangare ne kawai na ji," in ji Marina Harutyunyan. - Ya dogara da iyayensa, yana jin tsoron rasa su, waɗannan adadi ne da ke haifar da motsin rai mai karfi, kuma ba kawai masu kyau ba. Saboda haka, tsoro, fushi, ƙiyayya ta tashi a cikin canja wuri. Kuma a sa'an nan abokin ciniki na iya zargin mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na kurma, rashin iyawa, zari, la'akari da shi da alhakin gazawarsa ... Wannan kuma shi ne transference, kawai korau. Wani lokaci yana da ƙarfi sosai cewa abokin ciniki yana so ya katse tsarin jiyya. Ayyukan mai sharhi a cikin wannan yanayin, kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin soyayya, shine tunatar da abokin ciniki cewa burinsa shine warkarwa kuma ya taimaka masa ya sa ji a kan batun bincike.

Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana buƙatar «sarrafa» canja wurin. “Wannan iko ya ƙunshi gaskiyar cewa yana aiki bisa ga alamun rashin sani da abokin ciniki ya bayar, lokacin da ya sanya mu a matsayin mahaifiyarsa, ɗan uwansa, ko kuma ya gwada matsayin uba azzalumi, ya tilasta mana mu zama yara. , wanda shi da kansa ya kasance," in ji masanin ilimin psychoanalyst Virginie Meggle (Virginie Meggle). - Muna faɗuwa don wannan wasan. Muna aiki kamar dai. A lokacin jiyya, muna kan wani mataki ƙoƙarin yin hasashen buƙatun shiru don soyayya. Ba amsa musu ba don barin abokin ciniki ya sami hanyarsu da muryar su. " Wannan aikin yana buƙatar mai ilimin halin ɗan adam don samun ma'auni mara kyau.

Shin zan ji tsoron canja wuri?

Ga wasu abokan ciniki, canja wuri da haɗin kai ga mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana da ban tsoro. "Zan yi amfani da ilimin psychoanalysis, amma ina jin tsoron samun canjin canji kuma in sake shan wahala daga ƙauna marar kyau," ta yarda Stella mai shekaru 36, wacce ke son neman taimako bayan rabuwar kai. Amma babu wani psychoanalysis ba tare da canja wurin.

"Kuna buƙatar ku shiga cikin wannan lokacin dogaro don mako bayan mako ku sake dawowa kuma ku yi magana," Virginie Meggle ta gamsu. "Matsalolin rayuwa ba za a iya warkewa cikin watanni shida ba ko kuma bisa ga littafin tunani." Amma akwai nau'in hankali na hankali a cikin taka tsantsan na abokan ciniki: masu ilimin psychotherapists waɗanda kansu ba su sami isasshen ilimin psychoanalysis da kansu ba na iya haƙiƙa ba su iya jure wa canjin. Ta hanyar mayar da martani ga abin da abokin ciniki ke ji tare da nasa tunanin, mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana yin haɗari na keta iyakokinsa da lalata yanayin warkewa.

"Idan matsalar abokin ciniki ta fada cikin yanki na uXNUMXbuXNUMXb rashin haɓaka na sirri na mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, to na ƙarshe na iya rasa nutsuwarsa, Marina Harutyunyan ta fayyace. "Kuma maimakon yin nazarin canja wurin, mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali da abokin ciniki suna aiwatar da shi." A wannan yanayin, far ba zai yiwu ba. Mafita ita ce dakatar da shi nan take. Kuma ga abokin ciniki - don juya zuwa wani masanin ilimin psychoanalyst don taimako, kuma ga mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali - don neman kulawa: don tattauna aikin su tare da abokan aiki masu kwarewa.

Horon abokin ciniki

Idan labaran soyayya na yau da kullun suna da wadatar sha'awa da rashin jin daɗi, za mu fuskanci duk wannan a cikin tsarin jiyya. Ta hanyar shirunsa, ta hanyar ƙin amsawa ga abin da abokin ciniki ke ji, manazarci da gangan ya tsokane farkawa na fatalwa daga abubuwan da suka gabata. Wurin jiyya yana aiki azaman dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda muke kiran fatalwowi na baya, amma a ƙarƙashin iko. Don guje wa maimaita mai raɗaɗi na yanayi da alaƙa da suka gabata. Ana lura da canja wuri a cikin ainihin ma'anar kalmar a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam da nau'ikan ilimin halin ɗan adam na gargajiya waɗanda suka girma daga ilimin psychoanalysis. Yana farawa ne lokacin da abokin ciniki ya gaskata cewa ya sami mutumin da zai iya fahimtar dalilin matsalolinsa.

Canja wurin na iya faruwa tun kafin zaman farko: alal misali, lokacin da abokin ciniki ya karanta littafi ta likitan ilimin halin ɗan adam na gaba. A farkon psychotherapy, hali ga mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ya fi dacewa da shi, abokin ciniki yana ganin shi a matsayin allahntaka. Kuma yayin da abokin ciniki ya ji ci gaba, yana ƙara godiya ga mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, yana sha'awar shi, wani lokacin ma yana so ya ba shi kyauta. Amma yayin da bincike ya ci gaba, abokin ciniki ya kara fahimtar yadda yake ji.

«Mai nazarin yana taimaka masa sarrafa waɗannan kullin da ke daure a cikin sume, ba a fahimta kuma ba a nuna su ba, - tunatar da Marina Harutyunyan. - Kwararre a cikin tsarin horon ilimin psychoanalytic, yana aiki tare da abokan aiki masu ƙwarewa, yana haɓaka tsarin nazari na musamman na hankali. Tsarin farfadowa yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka irin wannan tsari a cikin mai haƙuri. A hankali, ƙimar ta canza daga psychoanalyst a matsayin mutum zuwa tsarin aikin haɗin gwiwa. Abokin ciniki ya zama mai hankali ga kansa, ya fara sha'awar yadda rayuwarsa ta ruhaniya ke aiki, kuma ya raba tunaninsa daga dangantaka ta ainihi. Awareness girma, da al'ada na kai lura bayyana, da kuma abokin ciniki bukatar kasa da kasa nazari, juya a cikin wani «Analyst zuwa kansa.

Ya fahimci cewa hotunan da ya gwada akan mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na kansa da tarihin kansa. Masu kwantar da hankali sukan kwatanta wannan lokaci da lokacin da iyaye suka saki hannun yaro don ba da damar yaron ya yi tafiya da kansa. "Abokin ciniki da manazarta su ne mutanen da suka yi aiki mai mahimmanci, mai zurfi, mai tsanani tare," in ji Marina Harutyunyan. – Kuma daya daga cikin sakamakon wannan aiki shi ne daidai cewa abokin ciniki ba ya bukatar kasancewar mai nazari akai-akai a rayuwarsa ta yau da kullun. Amma ba za a manta da manazarcin ba kuma ba zai zama mai wucewa ba.” Dumi ji da tunani za su kasance na dogon lokaci.

¹ "Transfer" shine Rashanci daidai da kalmar "canja wuri". An yi amfani da kalmar «canja wuri» a cikin fassarorin ayyukan Sigmund Freud kafin juyin juya hali. Wanne daga cikin kalmomin da aka fi amfani da su akai-akai a halin yanzu, yana da wuya a faɗi, watakila daidai. Amma mun fi son kalmar «canja wurin» kuma a nan gaba a cikin labarin da muke amfani da shi.

² Z. Freud "Notes on Transference Love". Buga na farko ya bayyana a cikin 1915.