Bincike ya nuna cewa gaba daya dukkan itatuwa, kurangar inabi da itatuwan da ke kewaye da mu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawar da wuce gona da iri daga sararin samaniya. Amma a wani lokaci, tsire-tsire na iya ɗaukar carbon mai yawa wanda taimakon da suke taimaka musu wajen yaƙar sauyin yanayi ya fara raguwa. Yaushe daidai wannan zai faru? Masana kimiyya suna ƙoƙarin samun amsar wannan tambayar.
Tun lokacin da aka fara juyin juya halin masana'antu a farkon karni na 20, adadin carbon da ke cikin yanayi da ayyukan dan Adam ke haifarwa ya yi tashin gwauron zabi. Yin amfani da tsarin kwamfuta, marubutan, wanda aka buga a Trends in Plant Science, sun gano cewa a lokaci guda, photosynthesis ya karu da 30%.
“Kamar hasken haske ne a cikin sararin sama mai duhu,” in ji Lukas Chernusak, marubuci kuma masanin ilimin halitta a Jami’ar James Cook da ke Australia.
Ta yaya aka ƙaddara?
Chernusak da abokan aiki sun yi amfani da bayanai daga nazarin muhalli daga 2017, wanda ya auna carbonyl sulfide da aka samu a cikin kankara da samfurori na iska. Baya ga carbon dioxide, tsire-tsire suna ɗaukar carbonyl sulfide yayin zagayowar carbon ɗin su kuma ana amfani da wannan sau da yawa don auna photosynthesis a sikelin duniya.
"Tsarin ƙasa yana ɗaukar kusan kashi 29% na hayaƙin da muke fitarwa, wanda in ba haka ba zai ba da gudummawa ga yawan CO2 na yanayi. Binciken samfurin mu ya nuna cewa rawar da photosynthesis na duniya ke takawa wajen fitar da wannan tsari na isar da iskar carbon ya fi yadda sauran nau'ikan suka nuna," in ji Chernusak.
Amma wasu masana kimiyya ba su da tabbas game da amfani da carbonyl sulfide a matsayin hanyar auna photosynthesis.
Kerry Sendall masanin ilimin halitta ne a Jami'ar Kudancin Georgia wanda ke nazarin yadda tsire-tsire ke girma a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na canjin yanayi.
Saboda shan carbonyl sulfide da tsire-tsire na iya bambanta dangane da adadin hasken da suke samu, Sendall ya ce sakamakon binciken "na iya yin ƙima sosai," amma kuma ta lura cewa yawancin hanyoyin da za a iya auna photosynthesis na duniya suna da wani mataki na rashin tabbas.
Greener da kauri
Komai nawa photosynthesis ya karu, masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa wuce gona da iri yana aiki azaman taki ga tsirrai, yana haɓaka haɓakarsu.
"Akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa ganyen bishiyar sun yi yawa kuma itacen ya yi yawa," in ji Cernusak.
Masanan kimiyya daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na kasa na Oak Ride kuma sun lura cewa lokacin da tsire-tsire suka fallasa ga karuwar matakan CO2, girman pore akan ganye yana ƙaruwa.
Sendall, a cikin nata binciken na gwaji, ta fallasa tsire-tsire zuwa ninki biyu na adadin carbon dioxide da suka saba karɓa. A karkashin waɗannan yanayi, a cewar Sendall's lura, abun da ke ciki na leaf kyallen takarda ya canza ta yadda ya zama da wahala ga herbivores su ci su.
Matsayin tipping
Matsayin CO2 a cikin yanayi yana tashi, kuma ana sa ran cewa a ƙarshe tsire-tsire ba za su iya jurewa ba.
"Amsar da iskar carbon nutse zuwa karuwa a yanayi CO2 ya kasance mafi girma rashin tabbas a cikin tsarin zagayowar carbon na duniya har zuwa yau, kuma babban direba ne na rashin tabbas a hasashen canjin yanayi," in ji Oak Ride National Laboratory bayanin kula a shafin yanar gizonsa.
Filayen filaye don noma ko noma da hayaƙin mai suna da babban tasiri akan zagayowar carbon. Masana kimiyya suna da tabbacin cewa idan ɗan adam bai daina yin wannan ba, batu mai mahimmanci ba makawa ne.
Daniel Way, masanin ilimin halittu a Jami'ar Yammacin Turai ya ce "Ƙarin iskar carbon za a kama a cikin yanayi, maida hankali zai karu da sauri, kuma a lokaci guda, sauyin yanayi zai faru da sauri."
Me kuke so ku yi?
Masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Illinois da Sashen Aikin Noma suna gwaji da hanyoyin da za a iya canza yanayin tsirrai ta yadda za su iya adana ƙarin carbon. Wani enzyme da ake kira rubisco yana da alhakin ɗaukar CO2 don photosynthesis, kuma masana kimiyya suna so su inganta shi.
Gwaje-gwajen kwanan nan na kayan amfanin gona da aka gyara sun nuna cewa haɓaka ingancin rubisco yana ƙara yawan amfanin gona da kusan kashi 40%, amma yin amfani da gyare-gyaren enzyme na shuka akan babban sikelin kasuwanci na iya ɗaukar fiye da shekaru goma. Ya zuwa yanzu, an yi gwaje-gwaje ne kawai akan amfanin gona na yau da kullun kamar taba, kuma ba a bayyana yadda rubisco zai canza bishiyoyin da ke sarrafa mafi yawan carbon ba.
A watan Satumba na 2018, ƙungiyoyin muhalli sun yi taro a San Francisco don haɓaka wani shiri na kiyaye gandun daji, wanda suka ce shine "maganin da aka manta game da sauyin yanayi."
"Ina tsammanin ya kamata masu tsara manufofi su mayar da martani ga bincikenmu ta hanyar sanin cewa yanayin halittu na duniya a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin ingantacciyar sigar carbon," in ji Cernusak. "Abu na farko da za a yi shi ne a dauki matakin gaggawa don kare gandun daji ta yadda za su ci gaba da lalata carbon kuma su fara aiki nan da nan don lalata bangaren makamashi."