Bakteriya masu jurewa maganin rigakafi suna karuwa. Dan Adam da kansa ne ke da alhakin wannan, wanda ya ƙirƙira maganin rigakafi kuma ya fara amfani da su sosai, sau da yawa ba tare da buƙata ba. Kwayoyin ba su da wani zabi illa daidaitawa. Wani nasara na yanayi - bayyanar NDM-1 gene - yana barazanar zama karshe. Me za ayi dashi?
Mutane da yawa suna amfani da maganin rigakafi don mafi ƙarancin dalili (kuma wasu lokuta ba tare da dalili ba). Wannan shi ne yadda cututtuka masu jure wa miyagun ƙwayoyi ke bayyana, waɗanda kusan ba a yi musu magani da maganin rigakafi da magungunan zamani suka sani. Magungunan rigakafi ba su da amfani wajen magance cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta saboda kawai ba sa aiki akan ƙwayoyin cuta. Amma suna yin amfani da kwayoyin cuta, wanda a wasu lokuta ko da yaushe suna cikin jikin mutum. Duk da haka, a cikin adalci, dole ne a ce cewa "daidai" maganin cututtuka na kwayoyin cuta tare da maganin rigakafi, ba shakka, yana taimakawa wajen daidaita su zuwa yanayin muhalli mara kyau.
Kamar yadda Guardian ya rubuta, "Shekarun maganin rigakafi yana zuwa ƙarshe. Wata rana za mu yi la'akari da cewa tsararraki biyu waɗanda ba su da cututtuka sun kasance lokaci mai ban mamaki don magani. Ya zuwa yanzu kwayoyin ba su iya sake dawowa ba. Zai yi kama da cewa ƙarshen tarihin cututtukan cututtuka ya kusa kusa. Amma yanzu akan ajanda akwai “bayan maganin rigakafi” apocalypse.
Yawan samar da magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta a tsakiyar karni na ashirin ya haifar da sabon zamani a fannin likitanci. Wani maganin rigakafi na farko, penicillin, Alexander Fleming ne ya gano shi a shekara ta 1928. Masanin kimiyyar ya ware shi daga nau'in naman gwari Penicillium notatum, wanda girma kusa da wasu kwayoyin cutar ya yi tasiri a kansu. An kafa yawan samar da maganin a ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu kuma an yi nasarar ceton rayuka da yawa, wanda ya yi sanadiyar kamuwa da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ya shafi sojojin da suka ji rauni bayan aikin tiyata. Bayan yakin, masana'antar harhada magunguna ta tsunduma cikin ci gaba da samar da sabbin nau'ikan maganin rigakafi, mafi inganci kuma suna aiki akan kowane nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba aka gano cewa maganin rigakafi ba zai iya zama maganin rigakafi na duniya ba don kamuwa da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, kawai saboda yawan nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta suna da yawa sosai kuma wasu daga cikinsu suna iya tsayayya da tasirin kwayoyi. Amma babban abu shine cewa ƙwayoyin cuta suna iya canzawa da haɓaka hanyoyin yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta.
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran halittu masu rai, dangane da juyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta suna da fa'ida ɗaya da ba za a iya shakkar su ba - kowane ƙwayoyin cuta ba su daɗe da rayuwa, kuma tare suna haɓaka da sauri, wanda ke nufin cewa tsarin bayyanar da haɓakar maye gurbi na "mai kyau" yana ɗaukar su da ƙasa kaɗan. lokaci fiye da, zaton mutum. Bayyanar juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi, wato, raguwa a cikin tasirin amfani da maganin rigakafi, likitoci sun lura na dogon lokaci. Musamman ma'ana shine bayyanar farkon masu juriya ga takamaiman magunguna, sannan nau'ikan tarin fuka masu jure wa magunguna. Kididdigar duniya ta nuna cewa kusan kashi 7% na masu fama da tarin fuka suna kamuwa da wannan nau’in tarin fuka. Juyin Halittar tarin fuka, duk da haka, bai tsaya nan ba - kuma wani nau'i mai tsayin daka na juriya ya bayyana, wanda a zahiri ba zai iya samun magani ba. Cutar tarin fuka cuta ce mai saurin kamuwa da cuta, sabili da haka bayyanar nau'ikanta masu juriya ce ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin mai haɗari musamman kuma tana ƙarƙashin kulawa ta musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
“Ƙarshen zamanin ƙwayoyin cuta” da Guardian ta sanar ba dabi’ar da kafofin watsa labarai suka saba na firgita ba. Farfesa Tim Walsh dan kasar Ingila ne ya gano matsalar, wanda labarinsa mai suna "The Emergence of New Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in India, Pakistan and the UK: Molecular, Biological and Epidemiological Aspects" an buga shi a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 2010 a cikin babbar mujallar Lancet Infectious Diseases. . Labarin da Walsh da abokan aikinsa ya keɓe don nazarin kwayar halittar NDM-1, wanda Walsh ya gano a watan Satumba na 2009. Wannan kwayar halitta, wanda aka keɓe a karon farko daga al'adun ƙwayoyin cuta da aka samu daga marasa lafiya da suka yi tafiya daga Ingila zuwa Indiya kuma sun ƙare a kan. Teburin aiki a can, yana da sauƙin canjawa tsakanin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban sakamakon abin da ake kira canja wurin kwayoyin halitta a kwance. Musamman, Walsh ya bayyana irin wannan canja wuri tsakanin Escherichia coli E. coli da Klebsiella pneumoniae, daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon huhu. Babban fasalin NDM-1 shine cewa yana sa ƙwayoyin cuta su jure kusan duk mafi ƙarfi da maganin rigakafi na zamani kamar carbapenems. Sabon binciken Walsh ya nuna cewa kwayoyin cuta masu wadannan kwayoyin halitta sun riga sun zama ruwan dare a Indiya. Kamuwa da cuta yana faruwa a lokacin aikin tiyata. A cewar Walsh, bayyanar irin wannan kwayar halitta a cikin kwayoyin cuta yana da matukar haɗari, tun da kawai babu maganin rigakafi ga ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji tare da irin wannan nau'in. Magani ya bayyana yana da kusan shekaru 10 har sai maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta ya zama mafi yaduwa.
Wannan bai yi yawa ba, ganin cewa samar da sabon maganin rigakafi, gwajin asibiti da kuma ƙaddamar da yawan jama'a yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. A lokaci guda kuma, har yanzu masana'antar harhada magunguna suna buƙatar tabbatar da cewa lokaci ya yi da za a yi aiki. Abin ban mamaki, masana'antar harhada magunguna ba ta da sha'awar samar da sabbin maganin rigakafi. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya har ma ta ce da haushi cewa ba ta da fa'ida ga masana'antar harhada magunguna su samar da magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta. Cututtuka kan warkewa da sauri: tsarin maganin rigakafi na yau da kullun bai wuce ƴan kwanaki ba. Kwatanta da magungunan zuciya waɗanda ke ɗaukar watanni ko ma shekaru. Kuma idan ba a buƙata da yawa don yawan samar da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba, to, ribar ta zama ƙasa, kuma sha'awar kamfanoni na zuba jari a ci gaban kimiyya a wannan hanya ma ya zama ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin cututtuka masu yaduwa suna da yawa, musamman cututtuka na parasitic da na wurare masu zafi, kuma ana samun su da nisa daga Yammacin Turai, waɗanda ke iya biyan kuɗin magunguna.
Baya ga na tattalin arziki, akwai kuma iyakoki na halitta - yawancin sababbin magungunan rigakafi ana samun su azaman bambance-bambancen tsofaffi, sabili da haka kwayoyin "ana amfani da su" da sauri. Gano sabon nau'in maganin rigakafi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan baya faruwa sau da yawa. Tabbas, ban da maganin rigakafi, kiwon lafiya yana haɓaka wasu hanyoyi don magance cututtuka - bacteriophages, peptides antimicrobial, probiotics. Amma tasirin su har yanzu yana da ƙasa sosai. A kowane hali, babu wani abin da zai maye gurbin maganin rigakafi don rigakafin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta bayan tiyata. Har ila yau, ayyukan dasawa ba dole ba ne: dakatarwar wucin gadi na tsarin rigakafi da ake bukata don dashen gabobin yana buƙatar amfani da maganin rigakafi don tabbatar da majiyyaci game da ci gaban cututtuka. Hakazalika, ana amfani da maganin rigakafi a lokacin ciwon daji na chemotherapy. Rashin irin wannan kariya zai sa duk waɗannan jiyya, idan ba su da amfani, to, suna da haɗari sosai.
Yayin da masana kimiyya ke neman kuɗi daga sabuwar barazana (kuma a lokaci guda kuɗi don tallafawa binciken juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi), menene ya kamata mu duka mu yi? Yi amfani da maganin rigakafi a hankali da hankali: kowane amfani da su yana ba da "maƙiyi", kwayoyin cuta, damar samun hanyoyin da za a iya tsayayya. Amma babban abu shine a tuna cewa mafi kyawun yaki (daga ra'ayi na ra'ayi daban-daban na lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki, maganin gargajiya - Ayurveda iri ɗaya, da kuma kawai daga ma'anar hankali) shine rigakafin. Hanya mafi kyau don yaki da cututtuka ita ce ta ci gaba da yin aiki a kan ƙarfafa jikinka, kawo shi cikin yanayin jituwa.