Ta hanyar kama zafi daga rana, iskar gas na sa duniya ta zama mai rai ga mutane da miliyoyin sauran nau'ikan. Amma yanzu adadin wadannan iskar gas ya yi yawa, kuma hakan na iya yin tasiri sosai ga waɗanne kwayoyin halitta da kuma yankunan da za su iya rayuwa a wannan duniyar tamu.
Matsayin iskar iskar gas a yanzu ya haura fiye da kowane lokaci a cikin shekaru 800 da suka gabata, kuma hakan ya faru ne saboda mutane suna samar da su da yawa ta hanyar kona mai. Gas din suna shakar makamashin hasken rana kuma suna kiyaye zafi kusa da saman duniya, yana hana ta tserewa zuwa sararin samaniya. Ana kiran wannan riƙewar zafi da tasirin greenhouse.
Ka'idar tasirin greenhouse ta fara yin tasiri a cikin karni na 19. A shekara ta 1824, masanin lissafin Faransa Joseph Fourier ya ƙididdige cewa duniya za ta yi sanyi sosai idan ba ta da yanayi. A cikin 1896, masanin kimiya na Sweden Svante Arrhenius ya fara kafa hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin haɓakar iskar carbon dioxide daga kona burbushin mai da tasirin dumamar yanayi. Kusan ƙarni guda bayan haka, masanin yanayi ɗan ƙasar Amirka James E. Hansen ya gaya wa Majalisa cewa "an gano tasirin greenhouse kuma ya riga ya canza yanayinmu."
A yau, “canjin yanayi” ita ce kalmar da masana kimiyya ke amfani da ita don bayyana sarƙaƙƙiyar sauye-sauyen da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska wanda ya shafi yanayin duniyarmu da tsarin yanayin yanayi. Sauyin yanayi ya haɗa da ba kawai tashin matsakaita yanayin zafi ba, wanda muke kira ɗumamar yanayi, har ma da matsanancin yanayin yanayi, canjin yawan jama'a da wuraren zama na namun daji, hauhawar matakan teku, da wasu abubuwa masu yawa.
A duk fadin duniya, gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi irin su kungiyar gwamnatocin kasa da kasa kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC), kungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai bin diddigin sabbin kimiyar sauyin yanayi, suna auna fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, da tantance tasirinsu a doron kasa, da kuma ba da shawarwarin mafita. ga yanayin halin yanzu. yanayi.
Babban nau'ikan iskar gas da tushen su
Carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide shine babban nau'in iskar gas - yana da lissafin kusan 3/4 na duk hayaki. Carbon dioxide na iya dawwama a cikin yanayi na dubban shekaru. A cikin 2018, mai lura da yanayi a saman dutsen mai aman wuta na Mauna Loa na Hawaii ya rubuta matsakaicin matsakaicin matakin carbon dioxide na kowane wata na sassa 411 a kowace miliyan. Fitar da iskar Carbon dioxide ya samo asali ne saboda kona kayan halitta: gawayi, mai, gas, itace da datti.
Methane (CH4). Methane shine babban bangaren iskar gas kuma yana fitowa daga wuraren da ake zubar da kasa, da masana'antar iskar gas da mai, da noma (musamman daga tsarin narkewar ciyawa). Idan aka kwatanta da carbon dioxide, ƙwayoyin methane suna daɗe a cikin yanayi na ɗan lokaci - kimanin shekaru 12 - amma sun fi aiki aƙalla sau 84. Methane yana da kusan kashi 16% na duk hayaƙin da ake fitarwa.
Nitrous oxide (N2O). Nitric oxide ya ƙunshi ɗan ƙaramin juzu'i na hayaki mai gurbata yanayi na duniya-kimanin kashi 6%—amma yana da ƙarfi sau 264 fiye da carbon dioxide. A cewar IPCC, zai iya dawwama a cikin yanayi na tsawon shekaru dari. Noma da kiwo da suka hada da takin zamani, taki, kona sharar noma, da konewar mai, sune manyan hanyoyin fitar da iskar nitrogen oxide.
iskar gas na masana'antu. Rukunin masana'antu ko iskar gas sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) da nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). Waɗannan iskar gas ɗin suna da kashi 2 cikin ɗari ne kawai na duk hayaƙi, amma suna da yuwuwar ɗaukar zafi fiye da carbon dioxide kuma suna dawwama cikin ɗarurru da dubban shekaru. Ana amfani da iskar gas ɗin da aka yi amfani da su azaman masu sanyaya, kaushi kuma a wasu lokuta ana samun su azaman samfuran masana'anta.
Sauran iskar gas sun haɗa da tururin ruwa da ozone (O3). Haqiqa tururin ruwa shi ne iskar gas da aka fi sani da shi, amma ba a kula da shi kamar yadda ake yi da sauran iskar gas domin ba a fitar da shi a sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam kai tsaye kuma ba a fahimci tasirinsa ba. Hakazalika, matakin ƙasa (aka tropospheric) ozone ba a fitar da shi kai tsaye ba, amma yana tasowa daga hadaddun halayen da ke tsakanin gurɓataccen iska a cikin iska.
Hanyoyin Gas na Greenhouse
Tarin iskar gas na daɗaɗɗen sakamako ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. Baya ga haifar da sauyin yanayi, iskar gas kuma yana taimakawa wajen yaduwar cututtukan numfashi da hayaki da gurbacewar iska ke haifarwa.
Matsananciyar yanayi, rushewar kayan abinci da kuma karuwar gobara suma sakamakon sauyin yanayi ne da iskar gas ke haifarwa.
A nan gaba, saboda iskar gas, yanayin yanayin da muke amfani da shi zai canza; wasu nau'in halittu za su bace; wasu kuma za su yi ƙaura ko girma da yawa.
Yadda ake rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli
Kusan kowane bangare na tattalin arzikin duniya, daga masana'antu zuwa noma, daga sufuri zuwa wutar lantarki, suna fitar da iskar gas zuwa sararin samaniya. Idan za mu guje wa mummunan tasirin sauyin yanayi, dukkansu suna buƙatar canzawa daga burbushin mai zuwa hanyoyin samar da makamashi mafi aminci. Kasashe a duniya sun fahimci wannan gaskiyar a cikin yarjejeniyar yanayi ta Paris ta 2015.
Kasashe 20 na duniya karkashin jagorancin China da Amurka da Indiya suna samar da akalla kashi uku cikin hudu na hayakin da ake fitarwa a duniya. Aiwatar da ingantattun tsare-tsare don rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a wadannan kasashe ya zama wajibi musamman.
A haƙiƙa, fasahohin da za su rage hayakin iskar gas sun riga sun wanzu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da yin amfani da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa maimakon burbushin mai, inganta ingantaccen makamashi da rage hayaƙin carbon ta hanyar caji musu.
A gaskiya ma, duniyarmu a yanzu tana da 1/5 kawai na "kasafin kuɗin carbon" (Triliyan 2,8 metric ton) ya rage - matsakaicin adadin carbon dioxide wanda zai iya shiga cikin yanayi ba tare da haifar da karuwar zafin jiki fiye da digiri biyu ba.
Don dakatar da ci gaba da ɗumamar yanayi, zai ɗauki fiye da watsi da albarkatun mai. A cewar IPCC, ya kamata a dogara ne akan amfani da hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na sha carbon dioxide daga yanayi. Don haka, ya zama dole a dasa sabbin bishiyoyi, da adana dazuzzuka da ciyayi da ake da su, da kuma kama carbon dioxide daga masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki da masana'antu.