NB Nordman
Idan kun wajabta wa kanku abinci, to, ku tashi daga teburin ku huta. Sirrin 31, 24.
“Ana yawan tambayata da baki da kuma a rubuce, ta yaya ake cin ciyawa da ciyawa? Shin muna tauna su a gida, a rumfa, ko a cikin makiyaya, kuma nawa ne daidai? Da yawa sun dauki wannan abincin a matsayin abin wasa, suna yi masa ba’a, wasu ma suna ganin abin bacin rai, ta yaya za a ba mutane abincin da har yanzu dabbobi ne kawai suka ci!” Da wadannan kalmomi, a cikin 1912, a Prometheus Folk Theater a Kuokkala (wani ƙauyen hutu da ke kan Gulf of Finland, 40 kilomita arewa maso yammacin St. Petersburg; yanzu Repino), Natalya Borisovna Nordman ya fara lacca akan abinci mai gina jiki da magani tare da magunguna na halitta. .
NB Nordman, bisa ga ra'ayi daya na masu suka daban-daban, ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi kyawun mata a farkon karni na ashirin. Kasancewar ta zama matar IE Repin a cikin 1900, har zuwa mutuwarta a 1914, ta kasance abin da aka fi so a hankali, da farko, na 'yan jarida mai launin rawaya - saboda cin ganyayyaki da sauran ra'ayoyinta.
Daga baya, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet, an rufe sunanta. KI Chukovsky, wanda ya san NB Nordman a hankali tun 1907 kuma ya rubuta tarihin mutuwarsa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarta, ya ba da shafuka da yawa a gare ta a cikin rubutunsa na zamani Daga abubuwan tunawa da aka buga kawai a 1959, bayan farkon "narke". A cikin 1948, mai sukar fasaha IS Zilberstein ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa wannan lokacin a cikin rayuwar IE Repin, wanda NB Nordman ya gano, har yanzu yana jiran mai bincikensa (cf. sama da yy). A cikin 1997 labarin Darra Goldstein Shin Hay kawai don Doki? Mahimman bayanai na cin ganyayyaki na Rasha a Juyin Karni, galibi sadaukarwa ga matar Repin: duk da haka, hoton adabin Nordman, wanda ya gabata da wani zane mara cikakke kuma mara inganci na tarihin cin ganyayyaki na Rasha, da wuya yayi adalcinta. Don haka, D. Goldstein ya zauna da farko a kan sifofin "mai hayaki" na waɗannan ayyukan sake fasalin waɗanda Nordman ya taɓa ba da shawara; Har ila yau, fasahar dafa abinci ta sami cikakken bayani, wanda watakila saboda jigon tarin da aka buga wannan labarin. Martanin masu suka bai daɗe ba; daya daga cikin sharhin ya ce: Labarin Goldstein ya nuna yadda “yana da hadari a gano wani motsi gaba daya tare da wani mutum <... , sa’an nan kuma ya bi da manzanninsa.”
NB Nordman ya ba da ƙarin haƙiƙan kima na NB Nordman a cikin littafinsa game da shawarwari da ƙa'idodi na Rasha tun zamanin Catherine II: “Duk da haka taƙaice amma kasancewarta mai kuzari ya ba ta damar sanin fitattun akidu da muhawara. wancan lokacin, daga mata zuwa jindadin dabbobi, daga “matsalar bawa” zuwa neman tsafta da inganta kai.”
NB Nordman (sunan marubuci - Severova) an haife shi a cikin 1863 a Helsingfors (Helsinki) a cikin dangin admiral na Rasha na asalin Yaren mutanen Sweden da kuma wata mace mai daraja ta Rasha; Natalya Borisovna koyaushe yana alfahari da asalin Finnish kuma yana son kiran kansa "mace Finnish kyauta". Duk da cewa an yi mata baftisma bisa ga tsarin Lutheran, Alexander II da kansa ya zama ubangidanta; ta baratar da ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da ta fi so daga baya, wato "'yantar da bayi" ta hanyar sauƙaƙan aiki a cikin ɗakin abinci da tsarin "taimakon kai" a teburin (yana tsammanin "aikin kai" na yau), ta barata, ba ko kadan, ta hanyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar "Tsar-Liberator", wanda ta hanyar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1861 ya soke saɓo. NB Nordman ya sami ilimi mai kyau a gida, majiyoyin sun ambaci harsuna hudu ko shida u1909buXNUMXb cewa ta yi magana; ta karanci kide-kide, modeling, zane da daukar hoto. Ko da a matsayin yarinya, Natasha, a fili, ya sha wahala sosai daga nisan da ke tsakanin yara da iyaye a cikin babban matsayi, saboda kulawa da tarbiyyar yara an ba da ita ga masu kula da yara, mata da mata masu jiran gado. Taƙaitaccen rubutun tarihin rayuwarta Maman (XNUMX), ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun labarun yara a cikin adabin Rasha, yana ba da fa'ida sosai irin tasirin da yanayin zamantakewar da ke hana yaro soyayyar uwa zai iya yi a kan ran yaro. Wannan rubutun yana da alama shine mabuɗin yanayin yanayin rashin amincewa da zamantakewar al'umma da ƙin yarda da yawancin ka'idoji na ɗabi'a waɗanda suka ƙayyade tafarkin rayuwarta.
Don neman 'yancin kai da ayyukan zamantakewa masu amfani, a cikin 1884, tana da shekaru ashirin, ta tafi Amurka tsawon shekara guda, inda ta yi aiki a gona. Bayan ya dawo daga Amurka NB Nordman taka leda a kan mai son mataki a Moscow. A wannan lokacin, ta zauna tare da kawarta na kusa, Princess MK Tenisheva "a cikin yanayi na zane-zane da kiɗa", ta kasance mai sha'awar "raye-rayen ballet, Italiya, daukar hoto, fasaha mai ban mamaki, ilimin halin dan Adam da tattalin arzikin siyasa." A cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow "Aljanna" Nordman ya sadu da wani matashi dan kasuwa Alekseev - shi ne ya dauki pseudonym Stanislavsky, kuma a 1898 ya zama wanda ya kafa Moscow Art wasan kwaikwayo. Daraktan Alexander Filippovich Fedotov (1841-1895) ya yi mata alkawarin "babban makoma a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo", wanda za'a iya karantawa a cikin littafinsa "Intimate Pages" (1910). Bayan ƙungiyar IE Repin da EN Zvantseva sun damu sosai, Nordman ya shiga cikin aure tare da shi. A cikin 1900, sun ziyarci nunin duniya a Paris tare, sannan suka tafi Italiya. IE Repin ya zana hotuna da yawa na matarsa, daga cikinsu - hoto a bakin tafkin Zell "NB Nordman a cikin hular Tyrolean" (yy rashin lafiya), - Hoton da Repin ya fi so na matarsa. A 1905 sun sake tafiya Italiya; a kan hanya, a Krakow, Repin ya zana wani hoton matarsa; Tafiya ta gaba zuwa Italiya, a wannan karon zuwa baje kolin kasa da kasa a Turin sannan kuma zuwa Roma, ya faru a shekara ta 1911.
NB Nordman ya mutu a watan Yuni 1914 a Orselino, kusa da Locarno, daga tarin fuka na makogwaro 13; A ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1989, an shigar da farantin tunawa a makabartar gida tare da rubutun "marubuci kuma abokin rayuwa na Babban dan wasan Rasha Ilya Repin" (rashin lafiya 14 yy). Wannan karshen ya sadaukar da labarin mutuwarsa mai ban tausayi, wanda aka buga a cikin Herald Vegetarian. A cikin waɗannan shekaru goma sha biyar lokacin da ya kasance mashaidi na kusa game da ayyukanta, bai daina mamakin "bikin rayuwa", kyakkyawan fata, wadatar tunani da ƙarfin hali ba. "Penates", gidansu a Kuokkala, sun yi aiki na kusan shekaru goma a matsayin jami'ar jama'a, wanda aka yi niyya ga mafi yawan jama'a; a nan an ba da laccoci kan batutuwa iri-iri: “A’a, ba za ku manta da ita ba; da ƙari, mutane za su san ayyukanta na adabin da ba za a manta da su ba.
A cikin abubuwan tunawa, KI Chukovsky ya kare NB Nordman daga hare-haren 'yan jarida na Rasha: "Bari wa'azinta wani lokaci ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, ya zama kamar abin sha'awa, sha'awa - wannan sha'awar, rashin hankali, shirye-shiryen kowane nau'i na sadaukarwa da aka taɓa da kuma farin ciki. ita. Kuma duba da kyau, ka ga a cikin quirks ta da yawa tsanani, hankali. Cin ganyayyaki na Rasha, a cewar Chukovsky, ya rasa babban manzo a cikinsa. “Tana da hazaka ga kowace irin farfaganda. Yadda ta yaba masu zaɓe! Wa'azin hadin kai da ta yi ya nuna mafarin kantin hada-hadar hada-hadar kudi a Kuokkale; ta kafa ɗakin karatu; ta shagaltu da kanta sosai akan makarantar; ta shirya gidan wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a; ta taimaki matsugunan cin ganyayyaki - duk suna da sha'awar ci iri ɗaya. Duk ra'ayoyinta sun kasance dimokuradiyya. " A banza Chukovsky ya bukaci ta manta game da gyare-gyare da kuma rubuta litattafai, comedies, labaru. "Lokacin da na ci karo da labarinta The Runaway in Niva, Na yi mamakin fasaharta na bazata: irin wannan zane mai kuzari, irin na gaskiya, launuka masu kauri. A cikin littafinta Intimate Pages akwai wurare masu ban sha'awa da yawa game da sculptor Trubetskoy, game da masu fasaha daban-daban na Moscow. Na tuna da irin abin sha'awa marubutan (waɗanda akwai manya-manya a cikinsu) suka saurari shirinta na barkwanci kananan yara a cikin Penates. Tana da ido sosai, ta ƙware wajen yin zance, kuma yawancin shafukan littattafanta ayyukan fasaha ne na gaske. Zan iya rubuta juzu'i a cikin aminci bayan girma, kamar sauran marubutan mata. Sai dai ta shagaltu da wani irin sana'a, ga wani irin aiki, inda banda zagi da cin zarafi, ba ta gamu da komai ba har kabari.
Don gano makomar cin ganyayyaki na Rasha a cikin al'adun gargajiya na Rasha, wajibi ne a yi cikakken bayani game da siffar NB Nordman.
Kasancewarta mai kawo sauyi a ruhi, ta sanya sauye-sauye (a fagage daban-daban) a kan burin rayuwarta, kuma abinci mai gina jiki - a faffadan ma'anarsu - shine jigon ta. Hukuncin rawar da aka taka a cikin canji zuwa tsarin rayuwa mai cin ganyayyaki a cikin yanayin Nordman ya kasance a fili ta hanyar sanin Repin, wanda, a cikin 1891, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Leo Tolstoy, ya fara zama mai cin ganyayyaki a wasu lokuta. Amma idan game da yanayin tsaftar Repin da lafiya mai kyau sun kasance a gaba, to ga Nordman ɗabi'a da manufofin zamantakewa ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mafi mahimmanci. A shekara ta 1913, ta rubuta a ƙasidar nan The Testaments of Paradise: “Abin kunyata, dole ne in furta cewa ban zo ga ra’ayin cin ganyayyaki ta hanyar ɗabi’a ba, amma ta wurin wahala ta jiki. Da shekara arba'in [watau kusan 1900 - PB] Na riga na zama nakasassu. Nordman ba kawai nazarin ayyukan likitoci H. Lamann da L. Pasco, wanda aka sani da Repin, amma kuma inganta Kneipp hydrotherapy, da kuma bayar da shawarar sauƙaƙa da rayuwa kusa da yanayi. Saboda soyayyar da ba ta da sharadi ga dabbobi, ta ƙi cin ganyayyaki na lacto-ovo: shi ma, “yana nufin rayuwa ta wurin kisa da fashi.” Ta kuma ƙi qwai, man shanu, madara har ma da zuma, don haka, a cikin kalmomin yau - kamar, a ka'ida, Tolstoy - mai cin ganyayyaki (amma ba danyen abinci ba). Gaskiya a cikin al'amuranta na Aljannah ta ba da girke-girke masu yawa don abincin dare, amma sai ta yi ajiyar zuciya cewa kwanan nan ta fara shirye-shiryen irin waɗannan kayan abinci, har yanzu babu iri-iri a cikin menu nata. Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarta, Nordman ya yi ƙoƙari ya bi abinci mai ɗanɗano - a cikin 1913 ta rubuta wa I. Perper: "Ina ci danye kuma ina jin daɗi <...> A ranar Laraba, lokacin da muke da Babin, mu yana da kalma ta ƙarshe ta cin ganyayyaki: komai na mutane 30 danye ne, ba wani abu mai dafaffe ba. Nordman ta gabatar da gwaje-gwajenta ga jama'a. Ranar 25 ga Maris, 1913, ta sanar da I. Perper da matarsa daga Penat:
“Sannu, ’yan’uwana, Yusufu da Esther.
Na gode da kyawawan wasiƙunku, na gaskiya da kirki. Abin takaici ne, saboda rashin lokaci, dole ne in rubuta kasa da yadda nake so. Zan iya ba ku labari mai dadi. Jiya, a Cibiyar Psycho-Neurological, Ilya Efimovich karanta "A kan Matasa", da kuma I: "Raw abinci, kamar kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki da kuma farin ciki." Daliban sun kwashe tsawon mako guda suna shirya jita-jita bisa ga shawarata. Kimanin masu sauraro dubu ne, a lokacin da ake tsaka da tsakar sun ba da shayi daga ciyawa, shayi na ciyayi da sandwiches da aka yi da zaitun zalla, saiwoyi da naman naman saffron madara, bayan laccar kowa ya ƙaura zuwa ɗakin cin abinci, inda aka bai wa ɗalibai kwas huɗu. abincin dare don kopecks shida: soaked oatmeal, soaked Peas , vinaigrette daga tushen asali da kuma alkama na alkama wanda zai iya maye gurbin burodi.
Duk da rashin yarda da a kodayaushe a farkon wa'azi na, ya ƙare har yanzu dugadugan masu sauraro sun yi nasarar cinna wa masu sauraro wuta, sun ci wani buɗaɗɗen oatmeal, da waken peas da sanwici marasa iyaka. . Sun sha hay [watau ganyen shayi. – PB] kuma ya zo cikin wani nau'i na lantarki, yanayi na musamman, wanda, ba shakka, an sauƙaƙe ta hanyar kasancewar Ilya Efimovich da kalmominsa, wanda ya haskaka da ƙauna ga matasa. Shugaban cibiyar VM Bekhterov [sic] da furofesoshi sun sha shayi daga hay da nettles kuma sun ci duk jita-jita tare da ci. Har aka yi mana fim a lokacin. Bayan lacca, VM Bekhterov ya nuna mana mafi girma da kuma arziki dangane da tsarin kimiyya, da Psycho-Neurological Institute da Anti-Alcohol Institute. Ran nan mun ga so da kauna da yawa.
Ina aiko muku da sabon ɗan littafina da aka buga [Alkawuran Aljanna]. Rubuta irin tasirin da ta yi muku. Na ji daɗin fitowar ku ta ƙarshe, koyaushe ina jure abubuwa masu kyau da amfani da yawa. Mu alhamdulillah, muna da kuzari da koshin lafiya, yanzu na shiga duk wani mataki na cin ganyayyaki da danyen abinci kawai nake wa’azi.
VM Bekhterev (1857-1927), tare da masanin ilimin lissafin jiki IP Pavlov, shine wanda ya kafa koyaswar "madaidaicin ra'ayi". Ya shahara a Yamma a matsayin mai binciken irin wannan cuta kamar taurin kashin baya, a yau da ake kira cutar Bechterew (Morbus Bechterev). Bekhterev ya kasance abokantaka tare da masanin ilimin halitta da masanin ilimin lissafi Farfesa. IR Tarkhanov (1846-1908), daya daga cikin masu wallafa Bulletin na farko na cin ganyayyaki, ya kasance kusa da IE Repin, wanda a cikin 1913 ya zana hotonsa (rashin lafiya 15 yy.); a cikin "Penates" Bekhterev ya karanta rahoto game da ka'idar hypnosis; a cikin Maris 1915 a Petrograd, tare da Repin, ya gabatar da gabatarwa a kan topic "Tolstoy a matsayin artist da tunani."
Yin amfani da ganye ko "hay" - batun ba'a na caustic na zamanin Rasha da kuma 'yan jarida na lokacin - ba wani abu ne na juyin juya hali ba. Nordmann, kamar sauran masu neman sauyi na Rasha, sun amince da amfani da ganye daga yammacin Turai, musamman ma yunkurin Jamus na sake fasalin, ciki har da na G. Lamann. Yawancin ganyaye da hatsin da Nordman ya ba da shawarar shan shayi da tsantsa (decoctions) an san su da kayan magani a zamanin da, suna taka rawa a cikin tatsuniyoyi, kuma ana girma a cikin lambunan gidajen ibada na zamanin da. Abbess Hildegard na Bingen (1098-1178) ta bayyana su a cikin rubuce-rubucenta na kimiyyar halitta Physica da Causae et curae. Waɗannan “hannayen alloli,” kamar yadda ake kira ganyaye a wasu lokuta, suna ko’ina a madadin magani na yau. Amma har ma binciken ilimin harhada magunguna na zamani ya haɗa a cikin shirye-shiryensa nazarin abubuwan da ke aiki da ilimin halitta waɗanda ke cikin nau'ikan tsirrai iri-iri.
Rikicin da 'yan jaridun Rasha suka yi game da sabbin abubuwa na NB Nordman ya tuna da rashin hankali na jaridun Yammacin Turai, lokacin da, dangane da yaduwar halayen cin ganyayyaki da kuma nasarar farko na tofu a Amurka, 'yan jarida sun koyi cewa waken soya, daya daga cikin shuke-shuken da aka fi noma da dadewa, a kasar Sin sun kasance samfurin abinci na dubban shekaru.
Duk da haka, dole ne a yarda cewa wani ɓangare na 'yan jaridun Rasha kuma sun buga sharhi masu kyau game da jawabin NB Nordman. Don haka, alal misali, a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1912, Birzhevye Vedomosti ya buga wani rahoto na marubuci II Yasinsky (shi mai cin ganyayyaki ne!) Game da laccarta game da batun "Game da kirjin sihiri [wato, game da mai dafa kirji. – PB] kuma game da abin da matalauta, mai da mai arziki ke buƙatar sani "; An ba da wannan lacca tare da babban nasara a ranar 30 ga Yuli a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Prometheus. Daga baya, Nordmann zai gabatar da "kirji mai dafa abinci" don sauƙaƙe da rage farashin dafa abinci, tare da sauran abubuwan nuni, a Nunin Cin ganyayyaki na Moscow a 1913 kuma zai sanar da jama'a game da abubuwan da ake amfani da su na amfani da kayan da ke adana zafi - waɗannan da sauran gyare-gyare. ayyukan da ta karɓa daga Yammacin Turai.
NB Nordman ta kasance farkon mai fafutukar neman yancin mata, duk da cewa ta ki amincewa da zabukan zabe a wasu lokuta; Bayanin Chukovsky a cikin wannan ma'anar (duba sama) yana da kyau sosai. Don haka, ta lissafta haƙƙin mace na yin ƙoƙari don fahimtar kai ba kawai ta hanyar uwa ba. Af, ita kanta ta tsira: 'yarta kawai Natasha ya mutu a 1897 yana da shekaru makonni biyu. A cikin rayuwar mace, Nordman ya yi imani, ya kamata a sami wuri don wasu abubuwan. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin burinta shine "yantar da bayi". Ma'abucin "Penates" har ma ya yi mafarkin kafa ranar aiki na sa'o'i takwas ga ma'aikatan gida da suka yi aiki na sa'o'i 18 a doka, kuma suna fatan cewa halayen "maganin" ga bayin zai canza gaba ɗaya, ya zama mafi mutuntaka. A cikin Tattaunawa tsakanin "matar yanzu" da "mace na gaba", an nuna bukatar cewa matan Rasha masu hankali ya kamata suyi yaki ba kawai don daidaiton mata na zamantakewar zamantakewar su ba, har ma da sauran su. strata, alal misali, fiye da mutane miliyan na mata bayi a Rasha. Nordman ya gamsu cewa "cin ganyayyaki, wanda ke sauƙaƙa da sauƙaƙe damuwa na rayuwa, yana da alaƙa da batun 'yantar da bayi."
Auren Nordman da Repin, wanda ya kasance shekaru 19 fiye da matarsa, ba shakka, ba "marasa girgije ba ne". Rayuwarsu tare a cikin 1907-1910 ta kasance da jituwa ta musamman. Daga nan sai suka zama kamar ba za su iya rabuwa ba, daga baya an sami rikice-rikice.
Dukansu biyun sun kasance masu haske da halin ɗabi'a, tare da dukan rashin biyayyarsu, suna haɗa juna ta hanyoyi da yawa. Repin ya yaba da girman ilimin matarsa da basirarta na adabi; ta, a nata bangare, sha'awar sanannen artist: tun 1901 ta tattara dukan wallafe-wallafe game da shi, ta tattara m albums tare da jarida clippings. A wurare da yawa, sun sami nasarar aikin haɗin gwiwa.
Repin ya kwatanta wasu rubutun adabin matarsa. Don haka, a cikin 1900, ya rubuta kalaman ruwa tara don labarinta Fugitive, wanda aka buga a Niva; a cikin 1901, an buga wani bugu na daban na wannan labarin a ƙarƙashin taken Eta, kuma ga bugu na uku (1912) Nordman ya fito da wani take - Zuwa ga manufa. Ga labarin Cross of Motherhood. Diary na sirri, wanda aka buga azaman littafi daban a 1904, Repin ya ƙirƙiri zane uku. A ƙarshe, aikinsa shine ƙirar murfin littafin Nordman Intimate Pages (1910) (rashin lafiya 16 yy).
Dukansu, Repin da Nordman, sun kasance masu ƙwazo sosai kuma suna cike da ƙishirwa don aiki. Dukansu sun kasance kusa da burin zamantakewa: aikin zamantakewa na matarsa, mai yiwuwa, yana son Repin, saboda daga ƙarƙashin alkalami shekaru da yawa ya fito da shahararrun zane-zane na yanayin zamantakewa a cikin ruhun Wanderers.
Lokacin da Repin ya zama memba na ma'aikatan Review Vegetarian Review a 1911, NB Nordman kuma ya fara hada kai da mujallar. Ta yi ƙoƙarin taimaka wa VO lokacin da mawallafinta IO Perper ya nemi taimako a shekara ta 1911 dangane da mawuyacin halin kuɗi na mujallar. Ta kira kuma ta rubuta wasiƙu don ɗaukar masu biyan kuɗi, ta juya zuwa Paolo Trubetskoy da actress Lidia Borisovna Yavorskaya-Baryatynskaya don adana wannan mujallar "kyakkyawan kyau". Leo Tolstoy, - don haka ta rubuta a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1911, - kafin mutuwarsa, "kamar ya albarkace" mawallafin mujallar I. Perper.
A cikin "Penates" NB Nordman ya gabatar da ingantaccen rarraba lokaci don yawancin baƙi waɗanda suke son ziyartar Repin. Wannan ya kawo tsari ga rayuwarsa ta halitta: “Muna yin rayuwa mai ƙwazo kuma muna rarrabawa cikin sa’a. Muna karba ne kawai a ranar Laraba daga karfe 3 na yamma zuwa karfe 9 na yamma Ban da Laraba, har yanzu muna da taron ma’aikatanmu a ranar Lahadi.” Baƙi za su iya zama koyaushe don abincin rana - tabbas mai cin ganyayyaki - a sanannen tebur zagaye, tare da wani tebur mai jujjuyawa tare da hannaye a tsakiya, wanda ya ba da damar sabis na kai; D. Burliuk ya bar mana kwatance mai ban sha'awa game da irin wannan jin daɗin.
Halin NB Nordman da muhimmin mahimmancin cin ganyayyaki a cikin shirin rayuwarta an fi ganin su a cikin tarin kasidunta na Shafukan Intimate, wanda ya kasance gauraye na musamman na nau'o'i daban-daban. Tare da labarin "Maman", ya kuma haɗa da bayanin rayuwa a cikin haruffa na ziyara biyu zuwa Tolstoy - na farko, ya fi tsayi, daga Satumba 21 zuwa 29, 1907 (wasika shida zuwa abokai, shafi na 77-96), da na biyu. gajarta, a cikin Disamba 1908 (shafi na 130-140); waɗannan kasidu sun ƙunshi tattaunawa da yawa tare da mazauna Yasnaya Polyana. Bambance-bambancen su shine abubuwan da Nordman ya samu yayin da yake rakiyar Repin zuwa nune-nunen Wanderers a Moscow (daga Disamba 11 zuwa 16, 1908 da Disamba 1909). Yanayin da ya mamaye a nune-nunen, halayen masu zane-zane VI Surikov, IS Ostroukhov da PV Kuznetsov, mai zane-zane NA Andreev, zane-zane na salon rayuwarsu; badakalar kan zanen VE Makovsky mai suna "Bayan Bala'i", da 'yan sanda suka kwace; labarin sake maimaita tufafi na Sufeto Janar wanda Stanislavsky ya yi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow Art Theater - duk wannan ya bayyana a cikin rubutunta.
Tare da wannan, Shafukan Ƙarfafawa sun ƙunshi bayanin mahimmanci game da ziyara ga mai zane Vasnetsov, wanda Nordman ya sami "dama" da "Orthodox"; ƙarin labarai game da ziyara sun biyo baya: a cikin 1909 - ta LO Pasternak, " Bayahude na gaskiya ", wanda "ya zana kuma ya rubuta <...> ba tare da ƙarewa ba kyawawan 'yan matansa biyu"; mai ba da agaji Shchukin - a yau tarin tarin tarin zane-zane na zamani na Yammacin Turai yana ƙawata St. Petersburg Hermitage; da kuma tarurruka da wasu, waɗanda ba a san su ba a yanzu, wakilan fage na fasahar Rasha na lokacin. A ƙarshe, littafin ya haɗa da zane game da Paolo Trubetskoy, wanda aka riga aka tattauna a sama, da kuma bayanin “Tarukan Jama’a na Haɗin kai na Lahadi a cikin Penates.”
An rubuta waɗannan zane-zane na adabi da alƙalami mai haske; da gwanin saka guntuwar tattaunawa; bayanai masu yawa da ke isar da ruhin wancan lokacin; Abin da ya gani akai-akai ana bayyana shi ta fuskar buri na zamantakewa na NB Nordman, tare da suka mai tsanani da kyakkyawar manufa game da mummunan matsayi na mata da ƙananan al'umma, tare da buƙatar sauƙaƙa, ƙin yarda da tarurrukan zamantakewa daban-daban da abubuwan da aka haramta. , tare da yabon rayuwar ƙauye kusa da yanayi, da kuma cin ganyayyaki.
Littattafan NB Nordman, waɗanda ke gabatar da mai karatu ga gyare-gyaren rayuwa da ta ba da shawara, an buga su a cikin ƙaramin bugu (cf .: Alkawari na Aljanna - kwafi 1000 kawai) kuma a yau suna da ƙarancin gaske. Littafin Cookbook for the Staving (1911) kawai aka buga a cikin kwafi 10; an sayar da shi kamar kuli-kuli kuma an sayar da shi gaba daya cikin shekaru biyu. Saboda rashin samun damar rubutun NB Nordman, zan kawo wasu sassa da yawa waɗanda ke ƙunshe da buƙatun da kwata-kwata ba lallai ba ne a bi, amma waɗanda ke iya haifar da tunani.
"Na yi tunani sau da yawa a Moscow cewa a cikin rayuwarmu akwai nau'i-nau'i masu yawa waɗanda ya kamata mu kawar da su da wuri-wuri. Anan, alal misali, ita ce ƙungiyar “baƙo”:
Wani mai tawali'u wanda yake zaune a natse, ya ci kadan, bai sha ko kadan ba, zai taru wurin abokansa. Don haka, da zarar ya shiga gidansu, nan da nan ya daina zama abin da yake. Suna karbe shi cikin kauna, sau da yawa cikin fara'a, da gaggawar ciyar da shi da wuri-wuri, kamar ya gaji da yunwa. Ya kamata a ajiye wani taro na abincin da ake ci a teburin domin baƙon ba kawai ya ci abinci ba, har ma ya ga duwatsun abinci a gabansa. Dole ne ya hadiye nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri daban-daban don cutar da lafiya da hankali wanda ya tabbata tun kafin cutarwar gobe. Da farko, appetizers. Mafi mahimmancin baƙo, mai yaji kuma mafi guba da kayan ciye-ciye. Daban-daban iri-iri, aƙalla 10. Sa'an nan kuma miya tare da pies da karin abinci guda hudu; an tilasta wa giya ya sha. Yawancin zanga-zangar, sun ce likita ya hana, yana haifar da bugun jini, suma. Babu wani abu da ya taimaka. Shi bako ne, wani irin yanayi a wajen lokaci, da sarari, da dabaru. Da farko yana da wahala a gare shi, sannan cikinsa ya bazu, ya fara sha duk abin da aka ba shi, kuma yana da hakkin ya sami rabo, kamar mai cin nama. Bayan giya daban-daban - kayan zaki, kofi, giya, 'ya'yan itace, wani lokacin za a sanya sigari mai tsada, hayaki da hayaki. Kuma yana shan taba, kuma kansa ya sha guba, yana jujjuya cikin wani irin yanayi mara kyau. Suna tashi daga abincin rana. A bikin baƙo, ya ci dukan gidan. Suna shiga falo, tabbas baƙo yana jin ƙishirwa. Yi sauri, sauri, seltzer. Da zaran ya sha, sai a ba da kayan zaki ko cakulan, nan suka kai shayi a sha tare da ciye-ciye masu sanyi. Bako, ka ga, gaba ɗaya hankalinsa ya tashi, ya ji daɗi, da ɗaya da safe ya isa gida ya faɗi a sume a kan gadonsa.
Haka kuma, idan baƙi suka taru wurin wannan mutum mai tawali’u, mai shiru, yana gefensa. Washegari ma, ana saye-saye, gidan gaba ɗaya a ƙafarsa, ana zagi masu hidima da dukan tsiya, komai ya juye, ana soya, ana ta tururi, kamar jira Indiyawan yunwa suke ji. Bugu da ƙari, duk ƙaryar rayuwa suna bayyana a cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen - baƙi masu mahimmanci suna da damar yin shiri guda ɗaya, daya tasa, vases da lilin, matsakaicin baƙi - duk abin da yake ma matsakaita, kuma matalauta suna kara muni, kuma mafi mahimmanci, karami. Ko da yake waɗannan su ne kaɗai za su iya jin yunwa sosai. Su kuma ‘ya’ya, da masu mulki, da masu yi wa hidima, da xan dako, tun suna qanana ana koyar da su, ana duba yanayin shirye-shirye, a girmama wasu, yana da kyau, a yi musu ruku’u cikin ladabi, a raina wasu. Duk gidan ya saba da rayuwa a cikin ƙarya ta har abada - abu ɗaya ga wasu, wani don kansu. Kuma Allah ya sa wasu su san yadda suke rayuwa a kullum. Akwai mutanen da suke pawn kayansu domin mafi alhẽri ciyar da baƙi, saya abarba da ruwan inabi, wasu yanke daga kasafin kudin, daga mafi muhimmanci ga wannan manufa. Bugu da kari, kowa yana kamuwa da annoba ta kwaikwaya. "Shin zai zama mafi muni a gare ni fiye da na wasu?"
Daga ina waɗannan al'adun ban mamaki suka fito? - Ina tambaya IE [Repin] - Wannan, mai yiwuwa, ya zo mana daga Gabas !!!
Gabas!? Nawa kuka sani game da Gabas! A can, an rufe rayuwar iyali kuma ba a yarda da baƙi ko da kusa - baƙo a cikin ɗakin liyafar yana zaune a kan sofa kuma ya sha karamin kofi na kofi. Shi ke nan!
- Kuma a Finland, ba a gayyaci baƙi zuwa wurinsu ba, amma zuwa kantin irin kek ko gidan abinci, amma a Jamus suna zuwa maƙwabtansu da giya. To, a ina, gaya mani, daga ina wannan al'ada ta fito?
– Daga ina! Wannan sifa ce ta Rasha zalla. Karanta Zabelin, yana da duk abin da aka rubuta. A zamanin da, akwai jita-jita 60 a abincin dare tare da sarakuna da boyars. Har ma da ƙari. Nawa, watakila ba zan iya cewa ba, da alama sun kai dari.
Sau da yawa, sau da yawa a cikin Moscow irin wannan, tunanin cin abinci ya zo a zuciyata. Kuma na yanke shawarar yin amfani da duk ƙarfina don gyara kaina daga tsofaffin siffofin da ba a gama ba. Daidaita hakki da taimakon kai ba mummunan manufa ba ne, bayan haka! Wajibi ne a jefar da tsohon ballast wanda ke dagula rayuwa kuma yana tsoma baki tare da kyakkyawar dangantaka mai sauƙi!
Tabbas, a nan muna magana ne game da al'adun manyan al'ummomin Rasha kafin juyin juya hali. Duk da haka, ba zai yiwu ba a tuna da sanannen "kasuwanci na Rasha", labarin IA Krylov Demyanov kunne, gunaguni na likita Pavel Niemeyer game da abin da ake kira "fatting" a cin abinci masu zaman kansu (Abfutterung a Privatkreisen, duba ƙasa p. 374 yy) ko kuma bayyananne yanayin da Wolfgang Goethe ya gindaya, wanda ya sami gayyata daga Moritz von Bethmann a Frankfurt a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1814: “Ka bar ni in gaya maka, da gaskiyar baƙo, cewa ban taɓa saba yin irin wannan ba. abincin dare." Kuma watakila wani zai tuna abubuwan da suka faru.
Karɓar baƙi ya zama abin kaifin hare-hare ta Nordman kuma a cikin 1908:
“Kuma ga mu nan a otal din mu, a wani babban falo, muna zaune a wani lungu domin yin karin kumallo na cin ganyayyaki. Boborykin yana tare da mu. Ya sadu a lif kuma yanzu ya shayar da mu da furanni na versatility <…>.
"Za mu yi karin kumallo da abincin rana tare a kwanakin nan," in ji Boborykin. Amma yana yiwuwa a yi karin kumallo da abincin rana tare da mu? Na farko, lokacinmu ya dace, na biyu kuma, muna ƙoƙarin cin abinci kaɗan gwargwadon iyawa, don kawo abinci mafi ƙanƙanta. A duk gidaje, ana ba da gout da sclerosis akan kyawawan faranti da vases. Kuma masu masaukin baki suna ƙoƙari da dukkan ƙarfinsu don cusa su cikin baƙi. Kwanakin baya mun tafi karin kumallo kadan. A hanya ta bakwai, a hankali na yanke shawarar ba zan ƙara karɓar gayyata ba. Nawa kashe kudi, nawa wahala, kuma duk yana goyon bayan kiba da cuta. Kuma na yanke shawarar ba zan sake yin magani ga kowa ba, saboda riga na kan ice cream na ji fushi wanda ba a ɓoye ba ga uwar gida. Tsawon sa'o'i biyu na zaune a teburin, ba ta bari ko zance ɗaya ya tashi ba. Ta katse daruruwan tunani, ruɗewa da bacin rai ba mu kaɗai ba. A yanzu wani ya buɗe bakinsa - muryar uwar gida ta yanke shi daga tushe - "Me ya sa ba za ku sha ruwa ba?" – “A’a, idan kuna so, zan ƙara muku turkeys! ..." - Baƙon, yana duban daji, ya shiga cikin yaƙin hannu-da-hannu, amma ya mutu a cikinsa ba tare da canzawa ba. Farantinsa ya loda a gefen.
A'a, a'a - Ba na so in ɗauki aikin mai ban tausayi da banƙyama na uwar gida a cikin tsohon salon.
Hakanan ana iya samun zanga-zangar adawa da ƙa'idodin rayuwa mai daɗi da malalaci a cikin bayanin ziyarar da Repin da Nordman suka yi wa mai zane da tattarawa IS Ostroukhov (1858-1929). Baƙi da yawa sun zo gidan Ostroukhov don maraice na kiɗa da aka sadaukar don Schubert. Bayan uku:
“Kuma. E. [Repin] kodadde ne kuma ya gaji. Lokacin tafiya yayi. Muna kan titi. <…>
- Shin kun san wahalar rayuwa a cikin masters. <…> A'a, kamar yadda kuke so, ba zan iya yin wannan na dogon lokaci ba.
– Ba zan iya ko dai. Shin zai yiwu a zauna mu sake komawa?
– Bari mu tafi da ƙafa! Abin al'ajabi!
– Zan tafi, zan tafi!
Kuma iska tana da kauri da sanyi ta yadda da kyar take shiga cikin huhu.
Washegari, irin wannan yanayin. Wannan lokaci suna ziyartar sanannen mai zane Vasnetsov: "Kuma ga matar. IE ya gaya mani cewa ta kasance daga masu hankali, daga farkon digiri na likitoci mata, cewa ta kasance mai basira, mai kuzari kuma ta kasance abokin kirki na Viktor Mikhailovich koyaushe. Don haka ba ta tafi, amma haka - ko dai ta yi iyo, ko kuma ta yi birgima. Kiba, abokaina! Kuma me! Duba. Kuma ba ta damu ba - kuma ta yaya! Ga hotonta a bango a 1878. Siriri, akida, da bakar idanu masu zafi.
ikirari na NB Nordman a cikin sadaukarwarsa ga cin ganyayyaki yana da irin wannan gaskiyar. Bari mu kwatanta wasiƙar ta huɗu daga labarin game da tafiya na 1909: "Tare da irin wannan tunanin da tunani mun shiga Slavyansky Bazaar jiya don karin kumallo. Oh, rayuwar wannan birni! Kana bukatar ka saba da iskar nicotine, ka sanya wa kanka guba da abincin gawa, ka rusa dabi’un ka, ka manta da dabi’a, Allah, domin ka iya jurewa. Cikin nishi na tuno da iskan balsamic na dajin mu. Kuma sama, da rana, da taurari suna ba da haske a cikin zuciyarmu. “Dan Adam, ka tsaftace min kokwamba da wuri-wuri. Kuna ji!? Muryar da aka sani. Ganawa kuma. Bugu da kari, mu uku a kan tebur. Wanene shi? Ba zan ce ba. Wataƙila za ku iya tsammani. <...> A kan teburin mu akwai ruwan inabi mai dumi, wisky [sic!], jita-jita iri-iri, kyawawan gawa a cikin curls. <…> Na gaji kuma ina son komawa gida. Kuma a kan titi akwai banza, banza. Gobe ne jajibirin Kirsimeti. Katunan maruƙa masu daskarewa da sauran halittu masu rai sun shimfiɗa ko'ina. A Okhotny Ryad, matattun tsuntsayen da aka rataye a kafafu. Ranar Bayan Gobe Haihuwar Mai Ceton Tawali'u. Mutane nawa aka yi asarar da sunan sa.” Irin wannan tunani kafin Nordman ana iya samun riga a cikin maƙalar Shelley Kan Tsarin Abinci (1814-1815).
Abin sha'awa a wannan ma'ana shine jawabin game da wata gayyata zuwa ga Ostroukhovs, wannan lokacin don abincin dare (wasika bakwai): “Mun yi abincin dare mai cin ganyayyaki. Abin mamaki, duka masu gida, da masu dafa abinci, da kuma masu hidima sun kasance a karkashin wani abu mai ban sha'awa, yunwa, sanyi da rashin mahimmanci. Ya kamata ka ga miyar naman kaza mai kamshin tafasasshen ruwa, da fulawar shinkafa mai kitse da aka yi birgima a cikinta cike da tausayi, da wani kasko mai zurfi wanda aka fitar da miya mai kauri da cokali. Fuskokin bakin ciki tare da wani ra'ayi da aka tilasta musu. "
A cikin wahayi na nan gaba, ta fuskoki da yawa mafi tabbatacce fiye da yadda aka zana su ta hanyar waqoqin waqoqin waqoqi na Rasha, NB Nordman ya yi annabci da fayyace mai ban mamaki da kuma kaifin bala’in da zai barke kan Rasha cikin shekaru goma. Bayan ziyarar farko da ta kai Ostroukhov, ta rubuta: “A cikin kalmominsa, mutum zai iya jin bauta a gaban miliyoyin Shchukin. Ni, ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwarewa tare da ƙasidu na 5-kopeck, akasin haka, na da wahalar fuskantar tsarin zamantakewa na mu na yau da kullun. Zaluntar babban birnin kasar, ranar aiki na sa'o'i 12, rashin tsaro na nakasa da tsufa na duhu, ma'aikata masu launin toka, suna yin tufafi duk rayuwarsu, saboda gurasar gurasa, wannan gidan mai ban mamaki na Shchukin, wanda aka gina ta hannun hannu. na bayin bautar da ba a ba su hakkinsu ba, kuma yanzu suna cin ruwan 'ya'yan itace iri ɗaya waɗanda ake zalunta—duk waɗannan tunanin sun yi mini zafi kamar ciwon hakori.
A cikin otal din Moscow inda Repins suka zauna a watan Disamba 1909, a ranar farko ta Kirsimeti, Nordman ya mika hannayenta ga dukkan 'yan ƙafa, 'yan ƙofofi, yara maza kuma ta taya su murna a kan Babban Holiday. “Ranar Kirsimeti, kuma ’yan uwa sun dauka don kansu. Abin karin kumallo, teas, abincin rana, hawa, ziyara, abincin dare. Kuma nawa ruwan inabi - dukan gandun daji na kwalabe a kan tebur. Su fa? <...> Mu hazikai ne, maza, mu kadai ne - duk kewayenmu muna cike da miliyoyin rayukan sauran mutane. <...> Ashe ba abin tsoro ba ne a ce sun kusa karya sarka, su cika mana duhu da jahilci da barasa.
Irin wannan tunanin ba sa barin NB Nordman ko da a Yasnaya Polyana. "Komai a nan mai sauki ne, amma ba mai ban mamaki ba, kamar mai mallakar ƙasa. <...> Ana jin wasu gidaje guda biyu ba kowa a cikin dajin suna tsaye babu karewa a tsakiyar dajin <...> A cikin duhun dare sai hasken wuta ke mafarki, firgicin hare-hare da cin kashi. kuma wanda ya san abin da tsoro da tsoro. Kuma mutum yana jin cewa ko ba dade ko ba dade wannan gagarumin karfi zai mamaye shi, ya shafe tsohuwar al'ada, ya tsara komai a hanyarsa, ta wata sabuwar hanya. Kuma bayan shekara guda, a cikin Yasnaya Polyana: "LN ya fita, kuma na tafi yawo tare da IE har yanzu ina buƙatar shakar iskan Rasha" (kafin komawa zuwa " Finnish "Kuokkala). Ana iya ganin ƙauye daga nesa:
"Amma a Finland rayuwa ta bambanta da na Rasha," in ji. "Dukkanin Rasha suna cikin tudu na manyan gidaje, inda har yanzu akwai alatu, wuraren shakatawa, peaches da wardi a cikin furanni, ɗakin karatu, kantin magani na gida, wurin shakatawa, gidan wanka, kuma a halin yanzu wannan duhu mai tsufa ne. , talauci da rashin hakki. Muna da makwabtan manoma a Kuokkala, amma a hanyarsu sun fi mu arziki. Abin da shanu, dawakai! Nawa ƙasar, wanda aƙalla ƙima a 3 rubles. fatima. Dacha nawa kowanne. Kuma dacha a kowace shekara yana ba da 400 rubles. A cikin hunturu, suna da kyakkyawar samun kudin shiga - cushe glaciers, samar da ruffs da burbots zuwa St. Petersburg. Kowannen maƙwabtanmu yana samun kuɗin shiga shekara dubu da yawa, kuma dangantakarmu da shi daidai ce. Ina kuma Rasha kafin wannan?!
Kuma ya fara zama a gare ni cewa Rasha a wannan lokacin a cikin wani nau'i na interregnum: tsohon yana mutuwa, kuma ba a haifi sabon ba tukuna. Kuma ina jin tausayinta kuma ina son in rabu da ita da wuri-wuri.
I. Shawarar Perper ta sadaukar da kansa gaba ɗaya ga yada ra'ayoyin masu cin ganyayyaki NB Nordman ya ƙi. Ayyukan adabi da tambayoyin “yantar da bayi” sun zama kamar sun fi mata muhimmanci kuma sun shagaltu da ita gaba ɗaya; ta yi yaƙi don sababbin hanyoyin sadarwa; bayi, alal misali, dole ne su zauna a teburin tare da masu mallakar - wannan shine, a cewarta, tare da VG Chertkov. Shagunan litattafai sun yi jinkirin sayar da ƙasidarta bisa yanayin ma'aikatan gida; amma ta sami mafita ta yin amfani da ambulan da aka buga na musamman da aka rubuta: “Ya kamata a ‘yantar da bayi. Kasida ta NB Nordman”, kuma a kasa: “Kada ku kashe. VI umurnin” (rashin lafiya. 8).
Watanni shida kafin mutuwar Nordman, an buga "Ƙoƙanta ga wata mace mai hankali ta Rasha" a cikin VO, inda ta sake ba da shawarar a saki bayi mata miliyan uku a lokacin a Rasha, ta ba da shawarar daftarin "Charter of the Society for the Kare Sojojin Tilasta”. Wannan Yarjejeniyar ta gabatar da buƙatu masu zuwa: lokutan aiki na yau da kullun, shirye-shiryen ilimi, ƙungiyar masu ba da taimako, bin misalin Amurka, gidaje daban don su rayu da kansu. Ya kamata a shirya a waɗannan gidajen makarantu don koyar da aikin gida, laccoci, nishaɗi, wasanni da dakunan karatu, da kuma “kuɗin taimakon juna idan akwai rashin lafiya, rashin aikin yi da kuma tsufa.” Nordman ya so ya kafa wannan sabuwar "al'umma" bisa ka'idar rarraba mulki da tsarin haɗin gwiwa. A ƙarshen roko an buga wannan yarjejeniyar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin "Penates" shekaru da yawa. Kwangilar ta ba da damar sake saitawa, ta hanyar yarjejeniya, sa'o'i na ranar aiki, da kuma ƙarin kuɗi ga kowane baƙo da ke ziyartar gidan (10 kopecks!) Kuma don ƙarin sa'o'i na aiki. Game da abinci an ce: “A cikin gidanmu kuna samun karin kumallo da shayi mai cin ganyayyaki da safe da kuma abincin ganyayyaki da ƙarfe uku na rana. Kuna iya yin karin kumallo da abincin rana, idan kuna so, tare da mu ko daban.
Har ila yau, ra'ayoyin zamantakewa sun bayyana a cikin halayenta na harshe. Tare da mijinta, ta kasance a kan "kai", ba tare da togiya ba ta ce "aboki" ga maza, kuma "'yan'uwa" ga dukan mata. "Akwai wani abu mai haɗewa game da waɗannan sunaye, yana lalata duk ɓangarori na wucin gadi." A cikin muqala mu Ladies-in-jiran, buga a cikin bazara na 1912, Nordman kare "maids na girmamawa" - governmentesses a cikin sabis na Rasha manyan, sau da yawa fiye da ilimi fiye da su ma'aikata; Ta bayyana yadda suka yi amfani da su, ta kuma bukaci a ba su ranar aiki na sa’o’i takwas, sannan kuma a rika kiransu da sunayensu na farko. "A halin da ake ciki yanzu, kasancewar wannan baiwar halitta a gidan yana da illa ga rayuwar yaron."
Da yake magana game da "masu daukar ma'aikata", Nordman ya yi amfani da kalmar "ma'aikata" - furcin da ke nuna rashin amincewa da dangantaka ta gaskiya, amma ba ya nan kuma zai kasance a cikin ƙamus na Rasha na dogon lokaci. Ta so masu sayar da strawberries da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa a lokacin rani kada su kira ta "mace" kuma cewa waɗannan matan su kare su daga cin zarafin su (kulaks). Ta yi fushi da gaskiyar cewa suna magana game da gidaje masu arziki game da ƙofar "gaba" da kuma game da "baƙar fata" - mun karanta game da wannan " zanga-zangar " a cikin littafin diary na KI Chukovsky a ranar 18/19 ga Yuli, 1924. A cikin bayanin ziyararta. tare da Repin ga marubuci II Yasinsky ("jarumin cin ganyayyaki na ranar"), ta lura da sha'awar cewa suna cin abincin dare "ba tare da bayi ba," wato, ba tare da bayi ba.
Nordman na son kawo karshen wasiƙunta wani lokaci ta hanyar bangaranci, wani lokacin kuma ta hanyar baƙar magana, "tare da gaisuwa mai cin ganyayyaki." Bugu da kari, ta ci gaba da canzawa zuwa sauƙaƙan rubutun kalmomi, ta rubuta labaranta, da haruffanta, ba tare da haruffan "yat" da "er". Ta bi sabon rubutun a cikin Alkawuran Aljanna.
A cikin muqala A Ranar Suna, Nordman ya faɗi yadda ɗan abokanta ya karɓi kowane irin makamai da sauran kayan wasan soja a matsayin kyauta: “Vasya bai gane mu ba. A yau shi Janar ne a yakin, kuma burinsa kawai ya kashe mu <…> Mun kalle shi da idanun masu cin ganyayyaki na lumana” 70. Iyaye suna alfahari da ɗansu, sun ce har ma za su saya masa. karamar bindigar mashin:…“. Don wannan, Nordman ya amsa: "Shi ya sa za su je, cewa ba za ku hadiye turnips da kabeji ...". An daure gajeriyar takaddama a rubuce. Bayan shekara guda, yakin duniya na farko zai fara.
NB Nordman ya gane cewa cin ganyayyaki, idan yana son a san shi sosai, dole ne ya nemi tallafin kimiyyar likita. Shi ya sa ta dauki matakin farko ta wannan hanyar. An yi wahayi, a fili, ta hanyar fahimtar haɗin kai na al'ummar masu cin ganyayyaki a taron farko na Rasha na masu cin ganyayyaki, wanda aka gudanar a Moscow daga Afrilu 16 zuwa Afrilu 20, 1913 (cf. VII. 5 yy), yana sha'awar jawabinta na nasara a kan. Maris 24 a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittar Halittu Prof. VM Bekhtereva, a cikin wata wasiƙa mai kwanan ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1913, Nordman ya yi jawabi ga sanannen likitan jijiyoyin jiki kuma marubucin reflexology tare da shawarar kafa sashen cin ganyayyaki - wani aiki mai ƙarfin gwiwa da ci gaba a wancan lokacin:
"Ya ƙaunataccen Vladimir Mikhailovich, <...> Kamar sau ɗaya, a banza, ba tare da amfani ba, tururi ya bazu a cikin ƙasa kuma wutar lantarki ta haskaka, don haka a yau cin ganyayyaki yana ruɗawa cikin ƙasa a cikin iska, kamar ƙarfin warkarwa na yanayi. Kuma yana gudu yana motsawa. Na farko, riga saboda kowace rana lamiri yana farkawa cikin mutane kuma, dangane da wannan, ra'ayi game da kisan kai yana canzawa. Cututtukan da cin nama ke haifarwa su ma suna karuwa, kuma farashin kayayyakin dabbobi na karuwa.
Dauke cin ganyayyaki da ƙahoni da wuri-wuri, sanya shi a cikin retorts, bincika shi a hankali ta hanyar microscope, kuma a ƙarshe ya yi shela da ƙarfi daga bagade a matsayin bisharar lafiya, farin ciki da tattalin arziki !!!
Kowane mutum yana jin buƙatar zurfin binciken kimiyya game da batun. Dukanmu, waɗanda suka durƙusa a gaban kuzarinku, haske mai haske da zuciya mai kirki, mun dube ku da bege da bege. Kai kadai ne a cikin Rasha wanda zai iya zama mai farawa kuma wanda ya kafa sashen cin ganyayyaki.
Da zaran shari'ar ta wuce bangon Cibiyar sihirin ku, shakku, ba'a da tunanin za su ɓace nan da nan. Tsofaffin kuyangi, malaman gida da masu wa'azi za su koma gidajensu cikin tawali'u.
A cikin ƴan shekaru, Cibiyar za ta tarwatsa a cikin ɗimbin matasa likitoci, da tabbaci a cikin ilimi da kwarewa. Kuma mu duka da na gaba zamu sa muku albarka!!!
Ina mutuƙar mutunta ku Natalia Nordman-Severova.
VM Bekhterev ya amsa wannan wasika a ranar 12 ga Mayu a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga IE Repin:
"Dear Ilya Efimovich, fiye da kowane gaisuwa, na ji daɗin wasiƙar da aka samu daga gare ku da Natalya Borisovna. Shawarar Natalya Borisovna da naku, na fara yin tunani. Har yanzu ban san abin da zai zo ba, amma a kowane hali, ci gaban tunani zai kasance cikin motsi.
Bayan haka, masoyi Ilya Efimovich, kun taɓa ni da hankalin ku. <...> Amma ina neman izinin kasancewa tare da ku bayan wani ɗan lokaci, watakila bayan mako ɗaya, biyu ko uku, saboda a yanzu, ko aƙalla ni, jarrabawa ta shake mu. Da zarar na sami 'yanci, zan gaggauta zuwa gare ku a kan fikafikan farin ciki. Gaisuwa ga Natalya Borisovna.
Naku da aminci, V. Bekhterev.
Natalya Borisovna amsa ga wannan wasika daga Bekhterev May 17, 1913 - bisa ga dabi'a, da ɗan ɗaukaka, amma a lokaci guda ba tare da son kai:
Dear Vladimir Mikhailovich, Wasiƙarku zuwa ga Ilya Efimovich, cike da ruhin cikakken himma da kuzari, sanya ni cikin yanayin Akim da Anna: Ina ganin ɗana ƙaunataccena, ra'ayina a cikin hannayen iyaye masu taushi, na ga ci gabansa na gaba, nasa. mulki, kuma yanzu zan iya mutuwa cikin salama ko kuma in zauna lafiya. Duk [spelling NBN!] karatuna an daure su da igiya ana tura su zuwa soro. Za a maye gurbin kayan aikin hannu da ƙasan kimiyya, dakunan gwaje-gwaje za su fara aiki, sashen za su yi magana <...> ga alama a gare ni cewa ko da daga mahimmin ra'ayi, buƙatar likitocin matasa suyi nazarin abin da ya riga ya girma cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya. Yamma sun riga sun kumbura: manyan magudanan ruwa da ke da nasu masu wa'azi, da nasu gidajen kwana da dubun dubatar mabiya. Ka ba ni izini, jahili, in shimfiɗa ganye cikin ladabi da mafarkina na cin ganyayyaki <…>.
Ga wannan “ganye” – zanen rubutu da aka rubuta wanda ke jera matsaloli da yawa waɗanda za su iya zama batun “sashen cin ganyayyaki”:
Sashen cin ganyayyaki
1). Tarihin cin ganyayyaki.
2). Cin ganyayyaki a matsayin koyaswar ɗabi'a.
Tasirin cin ganyayyaki a jikin mutum: zuciya, gland, hanta, narkewa, koda, tsokoki, jijiyoyi, kasusuwa. Da abun da ke ciki na jini. / Nazarin ta gwaje-gwaje da bincike na dakin gwaje-gwaje.
Tasirin cin ganyayyaki a kan psyche: ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, hankali, ikon yin aiki, hali, yanayi, ƙauna, ƙiyayya, fushi, so, jimiri.
Akan tasirin dafaffen abinci a jiki.
Game da Tasirin DANYEN ABINCI AKAN AL'UMMA.
Cin ganyayyaki a matsayin hanyar rayuwa.
Cin ganyayyaki a matsayin rigakafin cututtuka.
Cin ganyayyaki a matsayin mai warkar da cututtuka.
Tasirin cin ganyayyaki akan cututtuka: ciwon daji, shaye-shaye, tabin hankali, kiba, neurasthenia, farfadiya, da sauransu.
Jiyya tare da sojojin warkaswa na yanayi, waɗanda sune babban goyon bayan cin ganyayyaki: haske, iska, rana, tausa, gymnastics, sanyi da ruwan zafi a cikin duk aikace-aikacensa.
Maganin Schroth.
Maganin azumi.
Maganin tauna (Horace Fletcher).
Raw abinci (Bircher-Benner).
Maganin tarin fuka bisa ga sababbin hanyoyin cin ganyayyaki (Carton).
Bincika Ka'idar Pascoe.
Ra'ayin Hindhede da tsarin abincinsa.
Lamann.
Kneip.
GLUNIKE [Glunicke)]
HAIG da sauran fitattun Turawa da Amurkawa.
Binciko na'urorin gidan sanatorium a Yamma.
Nazarin tasirin ganye a jikin mutum.
Shiri na musamman na ganye magunguna.
Tarin magungunan jama'a na magungunan ganye.
Nazarin ilimin kimiyya na magungunan jama'a: maganin ciwon daji tare da ciwon daji na ƙwayar birch, rheumatism tare da ganyen Birch, buds tare da horsetail, da dai sauransu, da dai sauransu.
Nazarin wallafe-wallafen waje akan cin ganyayyaki.
A kan m shirye-shirye na abinci da adana ma'adinai salts.
tafiye-tafiyen kasuwanci na matasa likitoci zuwa ƙasashen waje don nazarin yanayin zamani a cikin cin ganyayyaki.
Na'urar ƙungiyoyin tashi don farfaganda ga ɗimbin ra'ayoyin masu cin ganyayyaki.
Tasirin abincin nama: cadaveric poisons.
Game da watsa [sic] cututtuka daban-daban ga mutum ta hanyar abincin dabbobi.
A kan tasirin madara daga saniya mai tayar da hankali akan mutum.
Jijiya da rashin narkewa kamar kai tsaye sakamakon irin wannan madara.
Yin nazari da tantance ƙimar sinadirai masu cin ganyayyaki iri-iri.
Game da hatsi, mai sauƙi da kuma unpeeled.
Game da jinkirin mutuwa na ruhu a matsayin sakamakon kai tsaye na guba tare da guba na cadaveric.
Game da tashin rai na ruhaniya ta wurin azumi.
Idan da an aiwatar da wannan aikin, to, a St. Petersburg, ga dukkan alamu, da an kafa sashen cin ganyayyaki na farko a duniya…
Ko ta yaya Bekhterev ya kafa motsi "ci gaban wannan tunanin" - shekara guda bayan haka, Nordman ya riga ya mutu kuma yakin duniya na farko ya kasance a bakin kofa. Amma kasashen yamma ma, sai da suka jira har zuwa karshen karni domin gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan nau’in abinci mai gina jiki wanda, idan aka yi la’akari da nau’in abinci mai cin ganyayyaki, ya sanya bangaren likitanci a gaba-hanyar da Klaus Leitzmann da Andreas Hahn suka yi a cikinsa. Littafin su daga jerin jami'a "Unitaschenbücher".