Daruruwan nau'ikan dabbobi na iya yin hibernate. Matsakaicin adadin kuzari a cikin kwayoyin halittarsu ya ragu sau goma. Ba za su iya ci ba da ƙyar numfashi. Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan asirin kimiyya. Warware shi zai iya haifar da ci gaba a fannoni da yawa, daga ilimin oncology zuwa jirgin sama. Masana kimiyya suna so su sa mutum ya yi barci.
“Na yi aiki a Sweden na tsawon shekara guda kuma na kasa sa gophers su yi barci har na shekara guda,” in ji Lyudmila Kramarova, babbar mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa ta Rasha (Pushchino).
A cikin Yamma, an ba da cikakkun bayanai game da hakkokin dabbobin dakin gwaje-gwaje - Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam na hutawa. Amma ba za a iya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje kan nazarin rashin barci ba.
– Abin tambaya a nan shi ne, me zai sa su kwana idan ya dumi a gidan gopher kuma ana ciyar da shi daga ciki? Gophers ba wawa bane. Anan dakin gwaje-gwajenmu, da sauri suka yi barci da ni!
Mafi kyawun Lyudmila Ivanovna ta matsa yatsa a kan teburin kuma ta yi magana game da gopher na dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda ya zauna a wurinta. "Susya!" Ta daga bakin kofa ta kira. "Bayarwa-bayar!" – amsa gopher, wanda gaba daya ba a horar da shi. Wannan Susya bai yi barci ba ko da sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru uku a gida. A cikin hunturu, lokacin da ya yi sanyi sosai a cikin ɗakin, ya hau ƙarƙashin radiator kuma ya dumi kansa. "Me yasa?" tambaya Lyudmila Ivanovna. Watakila cibiyar kula da hibernation tana wani wuri a cikin kwakwalwa? Masana kimiyya ba su sani ba tukuna. Yanayin rashin barci yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin halitta na zamani.
Mutuwar wucin gadi
Godiya ga Microsoft, yarenmu ya sami wadatar da wata kalma - hibernation. Wannan shine sunan yanayin da Windows Vista ke shiga kwamfutar don rage yawan amfani da wutar lantarki. Na'urar tana da alama an kashe, amma an adana duk bayanan a lokaci guda: Na danna maɓallin - kuma duk abin ya yi aiki kamar babu abin da ya faru. Haka abin yake faruwa da halittu masu rai. Dubunnan nau'ikan halittu - Daga kwayoyin cuta na kwayoyin halitta zuwa na ci gaba lemurs - suna da ikon "mutu", wanda ake kira kimantawa, ko hypoobiosis.
Misalin gargajiya shine gophers. Me ka sani game da gophers? Irin wannan rodents na yau da kullun daga dangin squirrel. Suna haƙa minks nasu, suna cin ciyawa, suna kiwo. Idan hunturu ya zo, gophers suna shiga ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan shi ne inda, daga mahangar kimiyya, abu mafi ban sha'awa ya faru. Hibernation na Gopher na iya ɗaukar watanni 8. A saman, sanyi wani lokaci yakan kai -50, ramin yana daskarewa zuwa -5. Sa'an nan kuma zafin jiki na gabobi na dabbobi ya ragu zuwa -2, kuma gabobin ciki zuwa -2,9 digiri. Af, a lokacin hunturu, gopher yana kwana a jere na tsawon makonni uku kawai. Sannan yana fitowa daga baccin sa'o'i kadan, sannan ya sake yin bacci. Ba tare da shiga cikin cikakkun bayanai na biochemical ba, bari mu ce ya farka ya kwasko da mikewa.
Daskararre squirrel yana rayuwa cikin motsi a hankali: bugun zuciyarsa yana raguwa daga 200-300 zuwa bugun 1-4 a minti daya, numfashi mai jujjuyawa - numfashi 5-10, sannan cikakken rashin su na awa daya. Jinin da ake bayarwa ga kwakwalwa yana raguwa da kusan kashi 90%. Talakawa ba zai iya tsira da wani abu kusa da wannan ba. Ba zai iya zama kamar bear, wanda yawan zafin jiki ya ragu kadan a lokacin hibernation - daga 37 zuwa 34-31 digiri. Wadannan digiri uku zuwa biyar sun ishe mu: jiki zai yi yaƙi don haƙƙin kula da bugun zuciya, bugun numfashi da dawo da yanayin yanayin jiki na yau da kullun na tsawon sa'o'i da yawa, amma lokacin da albarkatun makamashi suka ƙare, mutuwa babu makawa.
dankalin turawa mai gashi
Kun san yadda gopher yake idan yana barci? in ji Zarif Amirkhanov, babban mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittar Halitta. “Kamar dankali daga cellar. Mai wuya da sanyi. Fure kawai.
A halin yanzu, gopher yana kama da gopher - yana ci da farin ciki. Ba abu mai sauƙi ba ne a yi tunanin cewa wannan halitta mai fara'a zai iya faɗuwa ba zato ba tsammani ba tare da dalili ba kuma ya shafe mafi yawan shekara a haka, sa'an nan kuma, ba tare da wani dalili ba, "fadi" daga wannan matsi.
Ɗaya daga cikin asirai na hypobiosis shine cewa dabbar tana da ikon daidaita yanayinta da kanta. Canjin yanayin yanayin ba lallai ba ne don wannan kwata-kwata - lemurs daga Madagascar sun fada cikin kwanciyar hankali. Sau ɗaya a shekara, suna samun rami, suna toshe ƙofar kuma su kwanta har tsawon watanni bakwai, suna rage zafin jikinsu zuwa +10 digiri. Kuma a kan titi a lokaci guda duk iri ɗaya +30. Wasu squirrels na ƙasa, alal misali, na Turkestan, suma suna iya yin barci cikin zafi. Ba wai kawai yawan zafin jiki ba, amma metabolism a ciki: ƙimar rayuwa ta ragu da 60-70%.
Zarif ya ce, "Ka ga, wannan yanayin jikin ya bambanta. – Yanayin zafin jiki yana raguwa ba a matsayin dalili ba, amma a sakamakon haka. Ana kunna wani tsarin tsari. Ayyukan da yawa na sunadaran suna canzawa, sel sun daina rarrabawa, gabaɗaya, an sake gina jiki gaba ɗaya cikin sa'o'i kaɗan. Sannan a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kadan an sake gina shi. Babu tasirin waje.
Itacen wuta da murhu
Bambance-bambancen rashin bacci shine dabbar na iya fara sanyi sannan kuma ta yi dumi ba tare da taimakon waje ba. Tambayar ita ce ta yaya?
"Yana da sauƙi," in ji Lyudmila Kramarova. “Brown adipose tissue, ka ji?
Duk dabbobi masu jinni, gami da mutane, suna da wannan kitse mai launin ruwan kasa mai ban mamaki. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin jarirai yana da yawa fiye da na manya. Na dogon lokaci, rawar da yake takawa a cikin jiki gabaɗaya ba ta iya fahimta. A gaskiya, akwai talakawa mai, me ya sa kuma launin ruwan kasa?
- Don haka, ya zama cewa kitsen mai launin ruwan kasa yana taka rawar murhu, - in ji Lyudmila, - kuma kitsen fari itace kawai itace.
Mai launin ruwan kasa yana iya dumama jiki daga digiri 0 zuwa 15. Sa'an nan kuma an haɗa wasu yadudduka a cikin aikin. Amma don mun sami murhu ba yana nufin mun gano yadda za mu yi aiki ba.
"Dole ne a sami wani abu da zai kunna wannan tsarin," in ji Zarif. – Ayyukan gaba dayan kwayoyin halitta suna canzawa, wanda ke nufin cewa akwai wata cibiyar da ke sarrafawa da kaddamar da duk wannan.
Aristotle ya ba da wasiyya don yin nazarin hibernation. Ba za a iya cewa kimiyya tana yin haka tun shekaru 2500. Hakika wannan matsala ta fara yin la'akari ne kawai shekaru 50 da suka wuce. Babban tambaya ita ce: menene a cikin jiki ke haifar da tsarin hibernation? Idan muka same shi, za mu fahimci yadda yake aiki, kuma idan mun fahimci yadda yake aiki, za mu koyi yadda ake haifar da rashin barci a cikin marasa barci. Da kyau, muna tare da ku. Wannan ita ce mahangar kimiyya. Koyaya, tare da hypobiosis, dabaru na yau da kullun bai yi aiki ba.
An fara ne tun daga ƙarshe. A cikin 1952, ɗan Jamus mai bincike Kroll ya buga sakamakon wani gwaji mai ban sha'awa. Ta hanyar gabatar da wani tsantsa daga cikin kwakwalwar hamsters na barci, bushiya da jemagu a cikin jikin kuliyoyi da karnuka, ya haifar da yanayin hypobiosis a cikin dabbobin da ba sa barci. Lokacin da aka fara magance matsalar a hankali, sai ya zama cewa abin da ake kira hypobiosis yana ƙunshe ba kawai a cikin kwakwalwa ba, amma gaba ɗaya a cikin kowane gabobin dabba mai hibernating. Beraye sun yi biyayya da biyayya idan an yi musu allura da plasma na jini, cirewar ciki, har ma da fitsarin barcin squirrels. Daga gilashin fitsarin gopher, birai ma sun yi barci. Tasirin ana sake haifar da shi akai-akai. Duk da haka, ya ƙi a sake haifuwa a duk ƙoƙarin ware wani abu: fitsari ko jini yana haifar da hypobiosis, amma abubuwan da suka haɗa ba sa bambanta. Babu squirrels na ƙasa, ko lemurs, ko kuma, a gaba ɗaya, kowane mai hibernators a cikin jiki an sami wani abu da zai bambanta su da sauran.
An shafe shekaru 50 ana binciken abubuwan da ake kira hypobiosis, amma sakamakon ya kusan sifili. Ba a gano kwayoyin halittar da ke da alhakin rashin barci ko abubuwan da ke haifar da shi ba. Ba a bayyana ko wace gabo ce ke da alhakin wannan yanayin ba. Gwaje-gwaje daban-daban sun haɗa da glandar adrenal, da glandan pituitary, da hypothalamus, da kuma glandar thyroid a cikin jerin "wanda ake zargi", amma duk lokacin da ya nuna cewa sun kasance kawai mahalarta a cikin tsari, amma ba masu farawa ba.
"A bayyane yake cewa nisa daga dukkan nau'ikan abubuwan da ke cikin wannan gurɓataccen ɓarna yana da tasiri," in ji Lyudmila Kramarova. - To, idan kawai saboda muna da su ma. Dubban sunadaran sunadarai da peptides da ke da alhakin rayuwarmu tare da squirrels na ƙasa an yi nazari. Amma babu ɗayansu - kai tsaye, aƙalla - da ke da alaƙa da hibernation.
An tabbatar da cewa kawai tarin abubuwa ne ke canzawa a cikin jikin gopher mai barci, amma ko an samu wani sabon abu har yanzu ba a sani ba. Yayin da masana kimiyya suka ci gaba, suna daɗa sha'awar yin tunanin cewa matsalar ba shine "abin barci" mai ban mamaki ba.
"Mafi yiwuwa, wannan wani hadadden jerin abubuwan da suka faru na sinadarai ne," in ji Kramarova. - Watakila hadaddiyar giyar tana aiki, wato, cakuda wasu adadin abubuwa a cikin wani taro. Watakila kaska ce. Wato, daidaiton tasirin abubuwa da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, mafi mahimmanci, waɗannan su ne sanannun sunadaran da kowa ke da shi.
Sai ya zama cewa hibernation shine ma'auni tare da duk sanannun. Mafi sauki shi ne, mafi wahalar magance shi.
Cikakken hargitsi
Tare da ikon yin hibernate, yanayi ya yi cikakken rikici. Ciyar da jarirai tare da madara, yin ƙwai, kiyaye yawan zafin jiki - waɗannan halaye suna rataye da kyau a kan rassan bishiyar juyin halitta. Kuma ana iya bayyana hypobiosis a fili a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i-nau'i) bayyana a cikin nau'in nau'in hypobiosis kuma a lokaci guda ba ya nan gaba daya a cikin dangi na kusa. Alal misali, marmots da squirrel na ƙasa daga dangin squirrel suna kwana a cikin minks na tsawon watanni shida. Kuma squirrels da kansu ba sa tunanin yin barci ko da a cikin hunturu mafi tsanani. Amma wasu jemagu (jemagu), kwari (bushiya), marsupials da primates (lemurs) sun fada cikin kwanciyar hankali. Amma su ba ƴan uwan na biyu ba ne ga gophers.
Wasu tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe, kwari suna barci. Gabaɗaya, ba a bayyana sosai akan menene yanayin ya zaɓi su ba, kuma ba wasu ba, azaman masu hibernators. Kuma ta zaba? Ko da waɗannan nau'ikan da ba su da masaniya da hibernation kwata-kwata, a ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa, cikin sauƙin gane menene. Misali, kare mai bakin wutsiya (iyalin rodents) yana barci a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje idan an hana shi ruwa da abinci kuma an sanya shi cikin duhu, daki mai sanyi.
Da alama cewa dabarar yanayi ta dogara ne akan wannan: idan jinsin yana buƙatar tsira lokacin yunwa don tsira, yana da zaɓi tare da hypobiosis a ajiye.
"Da alama muna magana ne da wani tsohuwar tsarin tsari, wanda ke tattare da kowace halitta gaba ɗaya," Zarif yana tunani da ƙarfi. – Kuma wannan yana kai mu ga tunani mai ban mamaki: ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa gophers suna barci. Abin ban mamaki shi ne mu kanmu ba ma hibernate. Watakila za mu iya samun hypobiosis idan duk abin da ke cikin juyin halitta ya ci gaba a madaidaiciyar layi, wato, bisa ga ka'idar ƙara sababbin halaye yayin kiyaye tsofaffi.
Duk da haka, a cewar masana kimiyya, mutum dangane da rashin barci ba shi da cikakken bege. Aboriginan Australiya, masu sha'awar lu'u-lu'u, yogis na Indiya na iya rage ayyukan ilimin lissafi na jiki. Bari wannan fasaha ta samu ta hanyar dogon horo, amma an samu! Ya zuwa yanzu, babu wani masanin kimiyya da ya iya sanya mutum cikin cikakken kwanciyar hankali. Narcosis, rashin barci, coma sune jihohin da ke kusa da hypobiosis, amma suna da tushe daban-daban, kuma ana ganin su a matsayin ilimin cututtuka.
Gwaje-gwaje don gabatar da mutum cikin kwanciyar hankali ba da daɗewa ba za a fara likitocin our country. Hanyar da suka ɓullo da ita ta dogara ne akan abubuwa biyu: yawan adadin carbon dioxide a cikin iska da ƙananan yanayin zafi. Wataƙila waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ba za su ƙyale mu mu fahimci yanayin rashin bacci ba, amma aƙalla juya hypobiosis zuwa cikakkiyar hanyar asibiti.
An aika mara lafiya barci
A lokacin rashin barci, gopher ba ya jin tsoro ba kawai sanyi ba, har ma da manyan cututtuka na gopher: ischemia, cututtuka, da cututtuka na oncological. Daga annoba, dabbar da ta tashi ta mutu a rana, kuma idan ta kamu da cutar a cikin yanayin barci, ba ta damu ba. Akwai babbar dama ga likitoci. Irin wannan maganin ba shine mafi jin daɗin jiki ba. Me ya sa ba za a maye gurbinsa da kwanciyar hankali na halitta ba?
Ka yi tunanin halin da ake ciki: mai haƙuri yana kan gab da rayuwa da mutuwa, agogo yana ƙidaya. Kuma sau da yawa waɗannan sa'o'i ba su isa a yi tiyata ko samun mai bayarwa ba. Kuma a cikin kwanciyar hankali, kusan kowace cuta tana tasowa kamar a cikin jinkirin motsi, kuma ba mu magana game da sa'o'i, amma game da kwanaki, ko ma makonni. Idan ka ba da damar tunaninka, za ka iya tunanin yadda marasa lafiya ke nutsewa cikin yanayin hypobiosis da fatan cewa wata rana za a sami hanyoyin da ake bukata don maganin su. Kamfanonin da ke aikin cryonics suna yin wani abu makamancin haka, kawai suna daskare wanda ya riga ya mutu, kuma da wuya a iya dawo da kwayar halittar da ta kwanta tsawon shekaru goma a cikin ruwa na nitrogen.
Hanyar rashin barci na iya taimakawa wajen fahimtar cututtuka iri-iri. Alal misali, masanin kimiyyar Bulgaria Veselin Denkov a cikin littafinsa "On the Edge of Life" ya ba da shawarar kula da ilimin kimiyyar halittu na bear mai barci: "Idan masana kimiyya sun sami nasarar samun wani abu mai tsabta (mai yiwuwa hormone) wanda ke shiga jiki. daga hypothalamus na bears, tare da taimakon abin da aka tsara tsarin rayuwa a lokacin barci, to za su iya samun nasarar magance mutanen da ke fama da ciwon koda.
Ya zuwa yanzu, likitoci suna da hankali sosai game da ra'ayin yin amfani da hibernation. Duk da haka, yana da haɗari a magance abin da ba a fahimta sosai ba.