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Wane shugabanci na psychotherapy za a zaɓa? Ta yaya suka bambanta kuma wanne ya fi kyau? Wadannan tambayoyin duk wanda ya yanke shawarar tafiya da matsalolin su ga wani ƙwararren. Mun tattara ƙaramin jagora wanda zai taimaka muku samun ra'ayi na manyan nau'ikan ilimin halin ɗan adam.
Nazarin kwakwalwa
Founder: Sigmund Freud, Austria (1856-1939)
Menene wannan? Tsarin hanyoyin da zaku iya nutsewa cikin sume, kuyi nazarin shi don taimakawa mutum ya fahimci dalilin rikice-rikicen cikin gida wanda ya taso sakamakon abubuwan da ya faru na yara, kuma ku cece shi daga matsalolin neurotic.
Ta yaya hakan ke faruwa? Babban abu a cikin tsarin ilimin psychotherapeutic shine canji na rashin hankali a cikin hankali ta hanyar hanyoyin haɗin kai na kyauta, fassarar mafarki, nazarin ayyukan kuskure ... A lokacin zaman, mai haƙuri yana kwance a kan kujera, ya ce duk abin da ya zo. hankali, ko da abin da kamar ba shi da mahimmanci, abin ban dariya, mai raɗaɗi, rashin mutunci . Mai nazari (zaune a kan kujera, mai haƙuri bai gan shi ba), yana fassara ma'anar ma'anar kalmomi, ayyuka, mafarkai da fantasies, yayi ƙoƙari ya warware rikice-rikice na ƙungiyoyi masu kyauta don neman babban matsala. Wannan tsari ne mai tsayi kuma tsayayyen tsari na ilimin halin ɗan adam. Psychoanalysis yana faruwa sau 3-5 a mako don shekaru 3-6.
Game da shi: Z. Freud "Psychopathology na rayuwar yau da kullum"; "Gabatarwa ga Psychoanalysis" (Bitrus, 2005, 2004); "Anthology na Zamani na Psychoanalysis". Ed. A. Zhibo da A. Rossokhina (St. Petersburg, 2005).
- Psychoanalysis: tattaunawa tare da sume
- "Psychoanalysis na iya zama da amfani ga kowa"
- 10 hasashe game da psychoanalysis
- Menene transference kuma me yasa psychoanalysis ba zai yiwu ba tare da shi ba
Nazarin ilimin halin dan Adam
Founder: Carl Jung, Switzerland (1875-1961)
Menene wannan? Cikakken tsarin kula da ilimin halin ɗan adam da sanin kai dangane da nazarin ma'auni na rashin hankali da abubuwan tarihi. Bincike yana 'yantar da mahimmancin makamashi na mutum daga ikon hadaddun, yana jagorantar shi don shawo kan matsalolin tunani da haɓaka halayen mutum.
Ta yaya hakan ke faruwa? Manazarci ya tattauna da mai haƙuri abubuwan da ya faru a cikin yaren hotuna, alamomi da kwatance. Ana amfani da hanyoyin tunani mai aiki, ƙungiyar kyauta da zane, analytical sand psychotherapy. Ana gudanar da tarurruka sau 1-3 a mako don shekaru 1-3.
Game da shi: K. Jung "Memories, mafarki, tunani" (Air Land, 1994); Jagoran Cambridge zuwa Ilimin Halin Halitta (Dobrosvet, 2000).
- Carl Gustav Jung: "Na san akwai aljanu"
- Me yasa Jung ke cikin salon yau
- Analytical far (a cewar Jung)
- Kuskure na masu ilimin halin dan Adam: abin da ya kamata ya faɗakar da ku
Psychodrama
Founder: Yakubu Moreno, Romania (1889-1974)
Menene wannan? Nazarin yanayin rayuwa da rikice-rikice a cikin aiki, tare da taimakon dabarun aiki. Manufar psychodrama ita ce koya wa mutum don magance matsalolin sirri ta hanyar wasa da tunaninsu, rikice-rikice da tsoro.
Ta yaya hakan ke faruwa? A cikin yanayin lafiya mai aminci, mahimman yanayi daga rayuwar mutum ana yin su tare da taimakon likitan ilimin halin ɗan adam da sauran membobin ƙungiyar. Wasan wasan kwaikwayo yana ba ku damar jin motsin rai, fuskantar rikice-rikice masu zurfi, yin ayyukan da ba zai yiwu ba a rayuwa ta ainihi. A tarihi, psychodrama shine nau'i na farko na rukunin psychotherapy. Duration - daga zama ɗaya zuwa shekaru 2-3 na taron mako-mako. Mafi kyawun lokacin taron ɗaya shine awanni 2,5.
Game da shi: "Psychodrama: wahayi da fasaha". Ed. P. Holmes da M. Karp (Klass, 2000); P. Kellerman “Psychodrama kusa-up. Binciken hanyoyin warkewa” (Klass, 1998).
- Psychodrama
- Yadda ake fita daga raunin gigicewa. Kwarewar Psychodrama
- Me yasa muke rasa tsofaffin abokai. Kwarewar Psychodrama
- Hanyoyi hudu don komawa kanku
Gestalt far
Founder: Fritz Perls, Jamus (1893-1970)
Menene wannan? Nazarin mutum a matsayin tsarin da ya dace, yanayin jikinsa, tunaninsa, zamantakewa da ruhaniya. Maganin Gestalt yana taimakawa wajen samun cikakkiyar ra'ayi game da kai (gestalt) kuma ya fara rayuwa ba a cikin duniyar da ta gabata da fantasies ba, amma "a nan da yanzu".
Ta yaya hakan ke faruwa? Tare da goyon bayan mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, abokin ciniki yana aiki tare da abin da ke faruwa da kuma ji a yanzu. Yin ayyukan motsa jiki, yana rayuwa ta cikin rikice-rikice na ciki, yana nazarin motsin rai da jin daɗin jiki, ya koyi sanin "harshen jiki", sautin muryarsa har ma da motsin hannayensa da idanunsa ... A sakamakon haka, yana samun fahimtar juna. nasa “I”, ya koyi zama alhakin ji da ayyukansa . Dabarar ta haɗu da abubuwa na psychoanalytic (fassarar ra'ayoyin da ba a sani ba cikin sani) da tsarin ɗan adam (mahimmanci akan "yarjejeniya da kai"). Tsawon lokacin magani shine aƙalla watanni 6 na tarurrukan mako-mako.
Game da shi: F. Perls "Ayyukan Jiyya na Gestalt", "Ego, Yunwar da Ta'addanci" (IOI, 1993, Ma'ana, 2005); S. Ginger "Gestalt: The Art of Contact" (Per Se, 2002).
- Gestalt far
- Gestalt far don dummies
- Gestalt far: taba gaskiya
- Haɗin kai na musamman: yadda aka gina dangantaka tsakanin masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da abokin ciniki
Binciken Halitta
Wadanda suka kafa: Ludwig Binswanger, Switzerland (1881–1966), Viktor Frankl, Austria (1905–1997), Alfried Lenglet, Austria (b. 1951)
Menene wannan? Jagoran ilimin likitanci, wanda ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin falsafar wanzuwa. Tunaninsa na farko shine "kasancewar", ko "hakikanin", rayuwa mai kyau. Rayuwar da mutum ke fama da wahalhalu, ya gane halayensa, wanda yake rayuwa cikin walwala da amana, wanda yake ganin ma'ana.
Ta yaya hakan ke faruwa? Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali baya amfani da dabaru kawai. Ayyukansa shine tattaunawa ta bude tare da abokin ciniki. Hanyoyin sadarwa, zurfin batutuwa da batutuwan da aka tattauna sun bar mutum tare da jin cewa an fahimci shi - ba kawai na fasaha ba, har ma da mutum. A lokacin jiyya, abokin ciniki ya koyi yin wa kansa tambayoyi masu ma'ana, don kula da abin da ke haifar da ma'anar yarjejeniya tare da rayuwarsa, ko ta yaya zai kasance da wahala. Tsawon lokacin jiyya yana daga shawarwarin 3-6 zuwa shekaru da yawa.
Game da shi: A. Langle "Rayuwar Cike Da Ma'ana" (Farawa, 2003); V. Frankl "Mutum don neman ma'ana" (Ci gaba, 1990); I. Yalom "Tsarin ilimin halin dan Adam" (Klass, 1999).
- Irvin Yalom: "Babban aiki na shi ne in gaya wa wasu abin da ake nufi da jiyya da kuma dalilin da ya sa yake aiki"
- Yalom game da soyayya
- "Ina son rayuwa?": Kalamai guda 10 daga lacca na masanin ilimin halin dan Adam Alfried Lenglet
- Wane ne muke magana game da lokacin da muka ce "Ni"?
Shirye-shiryen Neuro-Linguistic (NLP)
Wadanda suka kafa: Richard Bandler Amurka (b. 1940), John Grinder Amurka (b. 1949)
Menene wannan? NLP wata dabara ce ta sadarwa da ke da nufin canza yanayin mu'amala na yau da kullun, samun kwarin gwiwa a rayuwa, da haɓaka kerawa.
Ta yaya hakan ke faruwa? Dabarar NLP ba ta hulɗa da abun ciki ba, amma tare da tsari. A cikin tsarin horarwa na rukuni ko daidaikun mutane a dabarun ɗabi'a, abokin ciniki yana nazarin ƙwarewarsa kuma ya ƙirƙiri ingantaccen sadarwa mataki-mataki. Classes - daga makonni da yawa zuwa shekaru 2.
Game da shi: R. Bandler, D. Niƙa “Daga kwadi zuwa sarakuna. Gabatarwar Koyarwar Koyarwa ta NLP (Flinta, 2000).
- John Grinder: "Magana koyaushe shine yin magudi"
- Me yasa rashin fahimta yayi yawa?
- Shin maza da mata za su iya jin juna
- Da fatan za a yi magana!
Iyali Psychotherapy
Wadanda suka kafa: Mara Selvini Palazzoli Italiya (1916-1999), Murray Bowen Amurka (1913-1990), Virginia Satir Amurka (1916-1988), Carl Whitaker USA (1912-1995)
Menene wannan? Maganin iyali na zamani ya ƙunshi hanyoyi da yawa; na kowa ga kowa - aiki ba tare da mutum ɗaya ba, amma tare da iyali gaba ɗaya. Ayyukan da nufin mutane a cikin wannan maganin ba a gane su azaman bayyanar mutum ba, amma sakamakon dokoki da ka'idoji na tsarin iyali.
Ta yaya hakan ke faruwa? Ana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, daga cikinsu akwai genogram - "zane-zane" na iyali da aka zana daga kalmomin abokan ciniki, suna nuna haifuwa, mutuwa, aure da saki na membobinta. A cikin harhada shi, sau da yawa ana gano tushen matsalolin, wanda ke tilastawa ’yan uwa su yi wani hali. Yawancin lokaci tarurruka na masu ilimin likitancin iyali da abokan ciniki suna faruwa sau ɗaya a mako kuma suna wuce watanni da yawa.
Game da shi: K. Whitaker "Tunanin Tsakar dare na Ma'aikacin Iyali" (Klass, 1998); M. Bowen "Ka'idar tsarin iyali" (Cogito-Center, 2005); A. Varga "Tsarin Iyali Psychotherapy" (Magana, 2001).
- Psychotherapy na tsarin iyali: zane na rabo
- Tsarin tsarin iyali far - menene?
- Menene tsarin tsarin iyali zai iya yi?
- "Ba na son rayuwar iyali ta"
Client Center Therapy
Founder: Carl Rogers, Amurka (1902-1987)
Menene wannan? Mafi mashahuri tsarin aikin psychotherapeutic a duniya (bayan psychoanalysis). Ya dogara ne akan imani cewa mutum, neman taimako, yana iya ƙayyade dalilan da kansa kuma ya sami hanyar magance matsalolinsa - kawai goyon bayan likitan ilimin likitanci kawai ake bukata. Sunan hanyar yana jaddada cewa abokin ciniki ne ke yin canje-canjen jagora.
Ta yaya hakan ke faruwa? Maganin yana ɗaukar nau'i na tattaunawa wanda aka kafa tsakanin abokin ciniki da mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali. Abu mafi mahimmanci a cikinsa shine yanayin motsin rai na amana, girmamawa da fahimtar rashin yanke hukunci. Yana ba abokin ciniki damar jin cewa an yarda da shi ga wanda shi ne; yana iya magana akan komai ba tare da tsoron hukunci ko rashin yarda ba. Ganin cewa mutumin da kansa ya ƙayyade ko ya cimma burin da ake so, ana iya dakatar da magani a kowane lokaci ko za a iya yanke shawara don ci gaba da shi. Canje-canje masu kyau sun riga sun faru a cikin zaman farko, masu zurfi suna yiwuwa bayan tarurruka 10-15.
Game da shi: K. Rogers “Client-center psychotherapy. Ka'idar, aikin zamani da aikace-aikace" (Eksmo-press, 2002).
- Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Abokin Ciniki: Ƙwarewar Girma
- Carl Rogers, mutumin da ke iya ji
- Yadda za a gane cewa muna da mummunan psychologist?
- Yadda ake magance duhun tunani
Erickson hypnosis
Founder: Milton Erickson, Amurka (1901-1980)
Menene wannan? Ericksonian hypnosis yana amfani da ikon mutum don yin tunanin hypnotic na son rai - yanayin psyche wanda ya fi budewa kuma yana shirye don canje-canje masu kyau. Wannan "laushi", hypnosis ba jagora ba ne, wanda mutum ya kasance a faɗake.
Ta yaya hakan ke faruwa? Mai ilimin halin dan Adam ba ya yin amfani da shawarwari kai tsaye, amma yana amfani da misalai, misalai, tatsuniyoyi - kuma shi kansa wanda ba shi da masaniya ya sami hanyarsa ta hanyar da ta dace. Tasirin na iya zuwa bayan zaman farko, wani lokacin yana ɗaukar watanni da yawa na aiki.
Game da shi: M. Erickson, E. Rossi “Mutumin daga Fabrairu” (Klass, 1995).
- Erickson hypnosis
- Hypnosis: tafiya cikin kanku
- Tattaunawar masu zaman kansu
- Hypnosis: yanayin kwakwalwa na uku
Binciken ma'amala
Founder: Eric Bern, Kanada (1910-1970)
Menene wannan? A psychotherapeutic shugabanci bisa ka'idar na uku jihohin mu "I" - yara, manya da kuma iyaye, kazalika da tasiri na jihar a sume zaba da mutum a kan hulda da sauran mutane. Manufar jiyya ita ce abokin ciniki ya fahimci ka'idodin halayensa kuma ya ɗauka a ƙarƙashin ikonsa na manya.
Ta yaya hakan ke faruwa? Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana taimakawa wajen sanin wane bangare na "I" namu ya shiga cikin wani yanayi na musamman, da kuma fahimtar abin da yanayin rayuwarmu marar hankali yake gaba ɗaya. A sakamakon wannan aiki stereotypes canza hali. Maganin yana amfani da abubuwa na psychodrama, wasan kwaikwayo, ƙirar iyali. Irin wannan farfadowa yana da tasiri a cikin aikin rukuni; tsawon sa ya dogara da sha'awar abokin ciniki.
Game da shi: E. Bern “Wasannin da mutane ke yi…”, “Me za ku ce bayan kun ce” sannu “(FAIR, 2001; Ripol classic, 2004).
- Binciken ma'amala
- Binciken Ma'amala: Ta yaya yake bayyana halayenmu?
- Binciken Ma'amala: Ta yaya zai zama da amfani a rayuwar yau da kullun?
- nazarin ma'amala. Yadda za a mayar da martani ga zalunci?
Jiki Daidaitawar Farko
Wadanda suka kafa: Wilhelm Reich, Austria (1897-1957); Alexander Lowen, Amurka (b. 1910)
Menene wannan? Hanyar ta dogara ne akan yin amfani da motsa jiki na musamman a hade tare da nazarin tunani na tunanin jiki da halayen halayen mutum. Ya dogara ne akan matsayin W. Reich cewa duk abubuwan da suka faru a baya sun kasance a cikin jikin mu a cikin nau'i na "ƙuƙwalwar tsoka".
Ta yaya hakan ke faruwa? Ana la'akari da matsalolin marasa lafiya dangane da abubuwan da ke cikin aikin jikinsu. Ayyukan da mutum ke yin motsa jiki shine fahimtar jikinsa, gane bayyanar jiki na bukatunsa, sha'awarsa, ji. Fahimci da aikin jiki suna canza halayen rayuwa, suna ba da jin daɗin cikar rayuwa. Ana gudanar da azuzuwan daidaiku da kuma cikin rukuni.
Game da shi: A. Lowen "Tsarin Jiki na Tsarin Hali" (PANI, 1996); M. Sandomiersky "Psychosomatics da Jiki Psychotherapy" (Klass, 2005).
- Jiki Daidaitawar Farko
- Karba jikinka
- jiki a tsarin yamma
- Na wuce shi! Taimakawa Kanku Ta Aikin Jiki