Phalaenopsis orchid

A Turai, sun koyi game da phalaenopsis a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX - shuka na farko ya kawo tsohuwar duniya ta wurin matafiyi na Jamus Georg Rumph - ya gano wannan mu'ujiza ta yanayi a tsibirin Ambon na Indonesiya, wanda ke cikin Maluku. Tsibirin.

Fiye da rabin karni, wannan kwafin shine kadai, kuma kawai a cikin 1752 fasto na Sweden Peter Osbek, wanda ke yin aikin mishan a cikin Indonesia guda, ya sami wani orchid - a wani karamin tsibirin. Ya bushe shi kuma ya aika da herbarium zuwa Carl Linnaeus, wanda ya kwatanta sabon nau'in a cikin sanannen aikinsa na kimiyya Species of Plants. Gaskiya ne, ya kira shi kyakkyawa epidendrum (Epidendrum amabile). Komai a bayyane yake tare da ban sha'awa, kuma kalmar "epidendrum" a cikin Hellenanci tana nufin "a kan bishiya", wanda ya nuna ainihin ainihin shuka: a cikin yanayi, yawancin phalaenopsis sune tsire-tsire na epiphytic, wato, suna girma a kan bishiyoyi.

An fara amfani da sunan da aka saba da mu "phalaenopsis" a cikin 1825. A lokacin ne darektan Herbarium a Leiden (Netherland), Karl Blume, ya gano, kamar yadda ya saba, a wani karamin tsibiri a tsibirin Malay, wani orchid na wannan jinsin. Yana cikin duban dajin cikin duhun dare, sai ga wani garken farare na malam buɗe ido suka kama ido. Amma da ya matso, sai ya zama orchid. Don tunawa da kuskurensa, ya sanya wa shuka suna phalaenopsis, wanda a cikin Hellenanci yana nufin "kamar asu." Haka ake kiranta har yau.

A cikin yanayi, phalaenopsis yana girma a cikin Philippines, Australia da kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Mafi sau da yawa, suna rayuwa a kan kututturan itace, suna fitar da abinci daga ruɓaɓɓen kwayoyin halitta a cikin cokali mai yatsu na rassan da fashe a cikin kututture, da danshi daga iska.

Nau'in da nau'ikan phalaenopsis

Halin halittar Phalaenopsis ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 70 (1) (wasu masu ilimin botanists za su bambanta nau'ikan nau'ikan 77, amma 7 daga cikinsu ba a yarda da su a hukumance ba - ƙila ba za su zama nau'ikan daban ba, amma clones), an kasu kashi 5 subgenera, biyu daga cikinsu sun kasu kashi biyu. zuwa kashi (2). Yawancinsu suna rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzukan ruwan sama, wasu suna girma a kan duwatsu, akwai kuma wasu da ke zaune a yankuna da lokacin bushewa ko sanyi. Kuma wannan ya bar tasirinsa a kan fasahar noma.

A cikin floraculture, duk phalaenopsis yawanci ana kasu kashi 5 (2).

Nau'in phalaenopsis. Wannan ya haɗa da nau'in halitta waɗanda ba a taɓa su ta hanyar zaɓi ba. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana iya samun su a tsakanin masu tarawa - ba za ka iya samun su a cikin tallace-tallace na gaba ɗaya ba.

Phalaenopsis Stuart (Phalaenopsis stuartiana). Ganyensa iri-iri ne, saiwoyinsa na azurfa ne. Ƙwallon ƙafa yana da tsayi da reshe (har zuwa 80 cm), amma akwai furanni da yawa akansa - wani lokacin har zuwa guda 60 a lokaci guda. Fararen furanni masu laushi masu launin ja a gindi, a tsakiyar furen akwai lebe na amber, a hankali ya juya zuwa shuɗi.

Schiller's Phalaenopsis (Phalaenopsis schileriana). Ganyensa suna da kyau, bambance-bambancen - aibobi masu launin azurfa a bangon duhu kore, ƙananan ɓangaren ganyen yana jefa ja. Inflorescence har zuwa 50 cm, kuma kawai babban adadin ƙananan furanni (har zuwa 7 cm a diamita) furanni suna fitowa akan sa. A cikin yanayin da ya dace, wannan orchid yana fure a cikin wani kyakkyawan yanayi mai ban sha'awa.

Phalaenopsis mai dadi (Phalaenopsis amabilis). Fararen manyan furanni har zuwa diamita na 10 cm, kusan guda 20 suna haɓaka akan peduncle. Ganyen suna da nama da santsi. Suna samar da rosette na ganye 3-5. Furen furanni suna fure ɗaya bayan ɗaya.

Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana (Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana). Kyakkyawan Orchid tare da ganyayyaki masu wuyar gaske har zuwa 25 cm tsayi. Yawancin lokaci babu fiye da 8 daga cikinsu a cikin rosette. Furannin fari ne, kamar alin, masu ratsan ratsan shunayya, shunayya da launukan chestnut. Kamshi mai ƙarfi da kyau!

Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi (Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi). Kallo mai tasiri sosai. Ganyensa kore ne, har zuwa 22 cm tsayi. Ana tattara furanni a cikin peduncles na furanni 12 har zuwa 4 cm a diamita, kuma suna da launi mai ban mamaki: rawaya-kore tare da ratsi mai launin ja-launin ruwan kasa. Bugu da kari, shi ma yana da kamshi.

Manyan-flowered hybrids. Wannan ita ce babbar ƙungiyar kanta, waɗannan phalaenopsis ne galibi ana siyar da su a wuraren lambun. Ba sosai unpretentious, ko da sabon shiga iya girma da su.

A cikin wannan rukuni, nau'in nau'i mai yawa, wanda yawanci ana rarraba bisa ga launi na furanni. A cikin shagunan mu, yawanci ba sa nuna sunayen nau'ikan, sau da yawa suna rubuta "mix" akan alamun farashin, don haka rubutun bai shiga aiki ba. Don haka ga sunayensu na duniya (idan kuna bincika Intanet, kuna iya tantance nau'ikan da kuke girma).

Farar fata:

• Taisuco Crane;
• Taisuco Kochdian;
• Cygnus;
• Yukimai;
• Sogo Musadian;
• Farin Mafarki;
• Florida Snow.

Ruwan hoda:

• Nobby's Pink Lady;
• Minho Valentine;
• Minho King Beauty;
• Sabuwar Cinderella;
• Taisuco Firebird;
• Sogo Smith.

Semi-farar fata (na sama da na gefe fari ne, kuma leɓuna suna da launin):

• Luchia lebe;
• Yarinyar birni.

Cire:

• Zakiyar Sogo;
• Chih Shang Stripe;
• Lafiya Bakwai.

Tabo:

• Abubuwan Carmela;
• Rousserole;
• Jin daɗin Soroa;
• Damisa Yarima.

Sabbin matasan. Na dogon lokaci, ana siyar da phalaenopsis na musamman a cikin farar fata da ruwan hoda. Duk da haka, yanzu a cikin wuraren lambun zaka iya samun rawaya, da orange, da ja. Irin waɗannan launuka a cikin nau'ikan masana'antu sun bayyana kwanan nan kwanan nan - sun fara samun kusan shekaru 40 da suka gabata. Kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun zama sananne sosai, ana iya samun su a wuraren lambun mu.

Rawaya:

• Carol Campbell;
• Emil Giles;
• Ɗan’uwa Lawrence;
• Taipei Gold;
• Karrarawa na Zinariya;
• Manajan Sogo;
• Ɗan’uwa Passat;
• Golden Ambion;
• Sarauniyar rawaya;
• Ching ta Buddha;
• Rana Ta Zinare

Orange (akwai inuwa da yawa a nan: jan karfe, tagulla, ja mai tsatsa - ana kiran waɗannan inuwa sau da yawa hamada ko fasaha):

• Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa;
• Zuma Aussie Delight;
• An Biya;
• Dan uwa Sara Gold.

Reds (a nan inuwa sun bambanta daga orange-ja zuwa lavender-burgundy):

• Cordova;
• Lonnie Morris;
• Sogo Pony;
• Sogo Rose;
• Inabi na Sogo;
• Sarkin Sogo;
• Golden Peoker.

Harlequins. Wannan sabon layi ne gaba ɗaya wanda ya bayyana a cikin Taiwan - furannin waɗannan phalaenopsis fari ne ko rawaya tare da manyan kusan baƙaƙen tawul ɗin tawada waɗanda bazuwar a kan petals.

Mafi shahara iri:

• Hasken Tafiya-Spring;
• Yu Pin Pearl;
• Yu Pin Panda;
• Dawisu mai haske.

Multi-flowered hybrids (multiflora). Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da phalaenopsis tare da furanni da yawa, waɗanda ke kan ko dai a kan peduncles da yawa, ko kuma a ɗaya reshe ɗaya.

Shahararrun iri:

• Yi Farin Ciki;
• Cassandra;
• Vilind;
• Karmela;
• Zuma,
• Timothy Christopher;
• Ku Tris;
• Quevedo.

kananan hybrids. Wannan sabon layi ne wanda ya zo ta hanyar ketare nau'ikan nau'ikan phalaenopsis daban-daban. Kuma a cikin wannan rukuni ne mafi yawan whimsical orchids, saboda kakanninsu a cikin daji ba su zauna a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ba, amma a cikin yankuna masu sanyi ko bushe. Suna da lokacin barci, suna buƙatar yanayi mai sanyaya, gabaɗaya, wannan don ƙwararrun masu shuka furanni ne, yana da kyau ga masu farawa kada su fara su.

Mafi shahara iri a cikin wannan rukuni:

• Micro Nova;
• Mini Mark
• Anna-Larati Soekardi.

Kula da Phalaenopsis a gida

Ana ɗaukar Phalaenopsis a matsayin mafi ƙarancin fa'ida na orchids, duk da haka, akwai nuances da yawa a cikin noman su.

Ground

Anan, abin mamaki na farko yakan taso ga masu shuka furanni na farko: babu wani yanayi da yakamata a dasa phalaenopsis a cikin ƙasa ta ƙasa! A cikin yanayi, ba sa cin karo da shi, saboda suna rayuwa a kan bishiyoyi (wasu nau'in nau'in kan duwatsu). Saboda haka, substrate a gare su dole ne ya zama na musamman.

Zaɓin mafi sauƙi shine yankakken haushin Pine. Larch ya fi kyau - ya fi tsayi. Amma irin wannan substrate yana bushewa da sauri, don haka ana bada shawara don ƙara sphagnum gansakuka a cikin rabo na 1: 1 - yana riƙe da ruwa na dogon lokaci, haka ma, yana da kaddarorin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma yana kare tushen daga lalacewa.

Ana iya siyan haushi da gansakuka a shago. Ko kuma a tattara a cikin gandun daji, amma a wannan yanayin, dole ne a dafa duk abubuwan sinadaran, saboda suna iya ƙunsar kwari da cututtuka.

Akwai wani zaɓi don dasa shuki - a kan wani haushi (ba shakka, dole ne a tafasa shi). A wannan yanayin, an haɗa phalaenopsis zuwa haushi tare da waya, kuma an nannade tushen a cikin gansakuka. Ko dai ba su kunsa ba, amma a wannan yanayin dole ne a fesa orchid sau da yawa a rana.

Zafin jiki

Mafi kyawun zafin jiki don girma Phalaenopsis (2):

• da rana - 23-29 ° C;
• da dare - 18 ° C.

Wato, yawan zafin jiki na ɗakin da aka saba ya dace da shi. Don kyakkyawan girma. Amma ba don fure ba - domin phalaenopsis ya yi fure, kuna buƙatar riƙe shi don akalla makonni 2 a cikin yanayi mai sanyi, tare da zafin jiki na 13 - 15 ° C. Irin wannan yanayi yana faruwa a baranda mai glazed a watan Satumba - aika wani orchid a can. na makonni biyu, kuma zai ba da kiban fure.

Amma a lokacin furanni, yawan zafin jiki ya kamata ya kasance mai dumi, a kusa da 25 ° C. Idan akwai digo mai kaifi, phalaenopsis zai sauke buds.

lighting

Tun da a cikin yanayi orchids ne a cikin madawwamin penumbra na manyan itatuwa, amma a lokaci guda a fairly m subtropics, taga sill ya zama haske, amma ba tare da hasken rana kai tsaye, wanda zai iya ƙone m shuke-shuke. Haka kuma, orchids na cikin furannin da suka saba da wurin su kuma ba su jure wa motsi ba har ma da sake tsarawa zuwa wani sill ɗin taga.

zafi

A cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi kusan duk shekara zagaye iri ɗaya zafi - 100%. A cikin gidaje na birane, musamman a lokacin sanyi, lokacin da ake kunna dumama, da kyar ya kai kashi 25%. Wannan bai isa ba, don haka phalaenopsis yakamata a rika yawan fesa, amma ana yin haka da safe domin ganyen ya bushe da dare. Ko sanya kusa da pallets na ruwa.

Amma wajibi ne a yi amfani da substrate da fasaha: tsakanin waterings, dole ne ya bushe gaba daya (2). Babu wani hali ya kamata tushen su kasance a cikin dampness - za su lalace. Don haka, dole ne a zubar da ruwa daga kwanon rufi bayan an shayar da shi.

takin mai magani

Don phalaenopsis, yana da kyau a yi amfani da takin mai magani na musamman don orchids - ana sayar da su a cikin shaguna.

Ciyar

A lokacin lokacin girma mai aiki, yawanci daga Afrilu zuwa Satumba, phalaenopsis ya kamata a ciyar da shi kowane mako 2. A cikin yanayin dumi - a cikin allurai da aka nuna a cikin umarnin. Amma idan dakin ya yi sanyi, kuma a waje ya yi gizagizai, to sai a rage adadin (2).

Haihuwar phalaenopsis a gida

A gida, ana amfani da hanyoyi guda 3 na yaduwa na phalaenopsis.

Yara. Su da kansu na iya bayyana akan peduncles bayan fure (ban da buds na fure, suna kuma da buds masu tsiro), amma wannan yana faruwa da wuya. Idan kun yi sa'a, kuna buƙatar jira har sai tushen su ya girma zuwa 2 cm, daban daga peduncle kuma a dasa su cikin sabon tukunya.

Kibiya fure. Ga wasu masu lambu, wannan hanyar tana ba da sakamako mai kyau - kusan duk buds na barci suna farkawa. Ga wasu, sakamakon zero, amma a kowane hali, yana da daraja a gwada.

Asalin hanyar shine kamar haka. Bayan phalaenopsis ya dushe, ana yanke peduncle a gindi, a yi masa magani da Epin kuma a sanya shi cikin kwalban filastik. Ba lallai ba ne a yanke shi - wuyansa ya kamata ya kasance. Ana zuba ruwa a cikin kwalbar har zuwa rabin tsayin yanke, an ƙara digo na taki don orchids. An sanya akwati a cikin dumi (yana da kyawawa cewa zafin jiki shine 29 - 30 ° C) wuri mai haske (amma ba a cikin rana kai tsaye ba). Ba lallai ba ne a rufe kwalban tare da hula.

Kullum za a sami zafi mai zafi a cikin kwalban, kuma a hade tare da yanayin zafi, akwai damar cewa buds za su farka kuma su samar da sababbin orchids.

Yankunan peduncle. A wannan yanayin, an yanke kibau-peduncles zuwa sassa da yawa, don haka kowannensu yana da toho mai dormant. Dole ne a shafe sassan a hankali tare da murƙushe gawayi (ko kunna) don kada su rube.

Ana sanya yankan a cikin akwati na filastik mai haske akan gansakuka sphagnum, an fesa shi da Epin kuma an rufe shi da murfi. Yana da mahimmanci cewa gansakuka ya kasance m a kowane lokaci. Kuma sau da yawa ya zama dole don ba da iska a cikin greenhouse don kada ƙura ya bayyana a can.

Wajibi ne a ajiye yankan a wuri mai haske a zazzabi sama da 25 ° C.

Ƙarfafa kodan tare da manna cytokine. A wannan yanayin, yara suna girma a kan peduncle ba tare da yanke shi daga uwar shuka ba.

Maganar ita ce wannan. A kan peduncle, kuna buƙatar nemo toho mai barci, yi ɗan ƙaramin yanki a ƙarƙashinsa a kan peduncle tare da kaifi mai kaifi, sannan a hankali cire ma'aunin sutura daga toho tare da tweezers kuma shafa shi da manna cytokine (ana iya samun shi a kan layi). Stores) - suna motsa toho germination. Don aminci, dole ne a nannade koda tare da gansakuka da polyethylene - don kada ya bushe.

Yawancin lokaci, bayan irin wannan magani, kodan sun tashi a ranar 7th - 10th. Da zarar wannan ya faru, ana iya cire polyethylene da gansakuka. Lokacin da yara suna da tushe, dasa su a cikin tukwane daban.

Phalaenopsis dasawa a gida

Phalaenopsis yana girma tushen iska a saman tukunyar, don haka girman akwati ba shi da mahimmanci a gare su. Ana dasa waɗannan orchids lokacin da substrate ya fara bazuwa - idan, lokacin shayarwa, ƙananan barbashi na haushi sun fara wankewa daga ramukan magudanar ruwa, to lokaci yayi. A matsayinka na mai mulki, wannan yana faruwa bayan shekaru 2-3.

Ana yin dasawa mafi kyau a cikin bazara bayan phalaenopsis ya ɓace. Dole ne a ɗauki sabon abu gaba ɗaya, tsohuwar ba za a iya amfani da ita ba (cututtuka na iya ɓoyewa a ciki).

Tsaftace tushen ragowar ƙasa sosai, bincika da kyau, cire waɗanda suka lalace (duhu, bushe, ruɓaɓɓen, rawaya). Yi maganin yankan tare da murƙushe gawayi.

Sanya orchid a cikin tukunya (zaka iya amfani da tsohuwar, amma yana buƙatar kashe shi), daidaita tushen kuma a hankali cika duk ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa tare da substrate, amma ba tam ba don tushen zai iya numfashi.

Phalaenopsis cututtuka

Baƙo mai ban sha'awa na ƙananan wurare na iya yin rashin lafiya idan ba a kula da ita da kyau ba.

Brown tabo. Yawancin lokaci yana rinjayar furannin orchid - speckles launin ruwan kasa ko ruwan hoda suna bayyana akan furanni (3). Sauran sassan shukar ba su kamu da cutar ba. Yana girma a cikin yanayin jika da sanyi.

Don magance cutar, ana amfani da magungunan Rakurs ko Topsin-M (4).

Bakteriya mai launin ruwan kasa. Yana farawa azaman ƙananan ƙazantattun koren ruwa a cikin ganyayyaki. Yayin da cutar ta ci gaba, tabo ya zama mafi girma, launin su ya canza zuwa launin ruwan kasa. A kan phalaenopsis, wannan cuta tana tasowa da sauri kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta shafi wurin girma (3), bayan haka shuka na iya mutuwa.

Idan raunukan ƙanana ne, ya kamata a yanke tabo masu rauni zuwa nama mai lafiya kuma a yayyafa shi da ƙurar gawayi. Sannan a bi da tsire-tsire tare da Racurs ko Topsin-M (4).

Tsatsa. Ya bayyana a cikin ganyayyaki a cikin nau'i na aibobi, wanda aka rufe da sauri tare da furen orange na spores na naman gwari. Wannan cuta yawanci ba ya kai ga mutuwa, amma shuke-shuke da nisa a baya a ci gaba da Bloom talauci.

Don magance wannan cuta, ana amfani da kwayoyi Ikarus, Fir'auna, Falcon, Chistotsvet (4).

Phalaenopsis kwari

Spider mite. Yawancin lokaci yana rinjayar ganye da buds na phalaenopsis (3). Boye akan ganye daga ƙasa. Alamomin farko na cutar sune ɗigo masu haske masu yawa akan ganye. Sa'an nan kuma shafukan yanar gizo suna bayyana a kansu.

Ana amfani da Kleshchevit da Fitoverm don magance wannan kwaro (4).

Lebur ja kaska. Yana shafar nau'ikan orchids da yawa, gami da phalaenopsis. Ganyen da suka lalace sun zama masu kauri, sun yi kauri, an lulluɓe su da ruwan azurfa (3). Tare da kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani, sun bushe.

Thrips. Ƙananan ƙananan kwari masu kunkuntar jiki. Ganyayyaki suna shafar - layukan dige-dige na azurfa sun bayyana akan su (3).

Don magance thrips, ana amfani da Actellik.

Garkuwa da garkuwar karya. Waɗannan ƙananan kwari ne da aka rufe da harsashi mai ƙarfi. Suna daidaitawa akan duk tsire-tsire akai-akai, amma musamman suna son ɓoye a cikin axils na ganye (3).

Ana cire kwari tare da auduga da aka tsoma a cikin barasa. Sannan ana wanke shukar da ruwan sabulu. An lalata ragowar ƙwayoyin kwari tare da Actellik.

Abincin abinci. Suna cutar da ganyen, kuma ana iya gane su ta hanyar ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar kakin zuma mai kama da dunƙulen auduga.

Ya kamata a wanke tsire-tsire da abin ya shafa da sabulu da ruwa. Sa'an nan kuma fesa da shirye-shiryen Aktara ko Aktellik (3). Maimaita maganin bayan makonni 2.

Shahararrun tambayoyi da amsoshi

Mun yi magana game da matsalolin girma phalaenopsis tare da Masanin ilimin agronomist Svetlana Mikhailova.

Tushen

1. 1 Tsare-tsare na tsirrai. Phalaenopsis // Jerin Shuka http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Orchidaceae/Phalaenopsis/
2. Phalaenopsis // Lambun Botanic na Brooklyn https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/phalaenopsis
3. Uvarov EV Orchids a cikin gidanmu // Gidan bugawa No. 2 na Kwamitin Jiha don Buga RSFSR, 1989. - 96 p.
4. Kasidar Jiha na magungunan kashe qwari da agrochemicals da aka amince don amfani a cikin ƙasa na Tarayyar har zuwa Yuli 6, 2021 // Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya https://mcx.gov.ru/ministry/departments/departament-rastenievodstva-mekhanizatsii-khimizatsii - i-zashchity-rasteniy/bayanan-masana'antu/bayanai-gosudarstvennaya-usluga-po-gosudarstvennoy-registratsii-pestitsidov-i-agrokhimikatov/