inna

Janar bayanin cutar

Wannan asarar aikin tsoka a cikin wani sashi na jiki. Zai iya zama na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin

Muscle wani nau'in nama ne na musamman wanda yake bawa jiki damar motsawa. Tsarin juyayi ne ke sarrafa su, wanda ke aiwatar da saƙonni daga dukkan sassan jiki. Wasu lokuta ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi ko ƙananan jijiyoyin da ke kula da tsokoki suna da rauni ko rauni. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, mutum ya rasa ikon motsa tsokoki da kansu, wanda ke nufin cewa sun shanye.[2].

Dalilan da suke tsokanar farawar inna

  1. 1 Raunin jiki kamar wasanni ko haɗarin mota.
  2. 2 Guba, kamuwa da cuta, toshewar jijiyoyin jini da kumburi iri daban-daban.
  3. 3 Laifi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar da ke ciki na tayi ko rauni a cikin kwakwalwa yayin haihuwa zai iya haifar da jaririn da ciwon inna wanda aka sani da cututtukan kwakwalwa.
  4. 4 Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli kamar toxins, radiation ko poisons.
  5. 5 Cututtuka masu saurin kamuwa da cuta kamar su HIV, cutar Lyme, cutar Guillain-Barré.
  6. 6 Shan inna na daya daga cikin cututtukan da ake yawan samu sakamakon bugun jini. 9 daga cikin 10 da suka tsira daga bugun jini suna da alamun gurgunta nan da nan bayan kai hari[3].

Sanadin sanadin gurguwar cuta shine:

  • ƙwayar cuta mai yawa (17%);
  • cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa (7%);
  • cutar shan inna (5%);
  • rauni na kai (4%);
  • neurofibromatosis (4%);
  • lahani na haihuwa (2%)[1].

A wasu lokuta ba safai ba, babu wani dalili na zahiri da ke haifar da ciwon inna. Masana halayyar dan adam suna kiran wannan yanayin da rikitarwa, wanda ke nufin cewa mutum ya canza damuwar tunaninsa zuwa alamun bayyanar cututtukan jiki, amma jijiyoyi da tsokoki ba su canzawa.

Ciwon cututtuka

Mafi mahimmancin alamar cutar shanyewar jiki shine rauni mai tsanani ko rashin cikakken ƙarfin tsoka a yankin da abin ya shafa, kamar yatsu, hannuwa, da tsauraran matakai. A wannan batun, ana ƙara wasu abubuwan al'ajabi, kamar canje-canje a cikin tafiya. Idan musclearfin tsoka ya ɓace a cikin ɗamarar kwalliya, to tafiyar tana kama da mirgina daga kafa ɗaya zuwa wancan. Kuma idan aka rasa ƙarfi na tsokoki waɗanda ke da alhakin tsawaita ƙafa, sai ya fara rataya, kuma da kowane mataki mutum yana ƙoƙarin ɗaga ƙafarsa sama don kar ya taɓa ƙasa da ita. Hakanan, raunin tsoka na iya tsokano rashin iya tafiya, tashi daga wurin zama.

Wani lokaci tare da inna, motsi na ƙwallon ido ya rikice - ɗayan ko duka biyun ba za su iya juyawa zuwa tarnaƙi ba, kuma wannan yana haifar da ci gaban strabismus.

Idan muna magana ne game da shanyewar jijiyoyin laushin laushi, mutum yana da magana mara kyau, yana da hanci sosai.

Ganin gaskiyar cewa sau da yawa dalilin inna yana lalacewar laka, yana da mahimmanci a san game da alamomin sa:

  • tsananin ciwon baya ko matsi a wuya, kai;
  • rauni, rashin daidaituwa, ko motsawar wani ɓangare na jiki;
  • dushewa, kunci, ko asarar ji a hannuwanku, yatsunku, ƙafafunku, ko yatsun kafa;
  • asarar mafitsara ko kula da hanji;
  • Matsalar daidaitawa da tafiya
  • rikicewar numfashi bayan rauni;
  • karkatacciyar ko wuya karkatacciyar wuya ko baya.

Nau'in inna

Akwai adadi mai yawa na nau’in inna, tunda akwai abubuwa daban-daban da suke tsokanarta. Amma likitoci sun rarrabe nau'ikan nau'ikan cutar guda 4, ya danganta da wane sashi na jiki yake shafar.

1. Cigaba - nakasawa ce ga wani sashi na jiki, galibi wani bangare ne. Mutanen da ke da cutar monoplegia yawanci suna riƙe da ragamar sauran jikinsu, amma ba za su iya motsi ko jin ƙashin da ya shafa ba. Kodayake cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.

  • bugawa;
  • kumburi;
  • ciwon jijiya saboda rauni ko cuta;
  • lalacewar jijiya;
  • lalacewar ƙwayoyin motsi;
  • raunin kwakwalwa.

Monoplegia wani lokacin yanayi ne na ɗan lokaci kuma musamman sananne ne bayan bugun jini ko rauni na ƙwaƙwalwa. Lokacin da jijiyoyin da suka shafi yankin mai shan inna ba su yanke gaba daya, ana iya dawo da aikin yankin da abin ya shafa tare da maganin jiki.

2. Ciwon ciki - yana shafar hannu da kafa a gefe daya na jiki. Kamar yadda yake tare da monoplegia, babban dalilin shine cututtukan kwakwalwa… Tare da hemiplegia, matakin shanyewar jiki daban ne ga kowane mutum kuma yana iya canzawa tsawon lokaci. Hemiplegia yakan fara ne da jin ƙaiƙayi, ci gaba zuwa raunin tsoka, kuma yana ƙaruwa zuwa kammala inna. Koyaya, mutane da yawa masu fama da cutar rashin jinƙai sun gano cewa matakin ayyukansu ya bambanta daga rana zuwa rana, dangane da lafiyar su gaba ɗaya, matakin aiki, da sauran abubuwan. Wasu lokuta hemiplegia na ɗan lokaci ne. Cikakken hangen nesa ya dogara da magani. Amfani da wuri da gyaran jiki suna da sakamako mai kyau.

3. Paraplegia yana nufin inna a ƙasa da kugu kuma yawanci yakan shafi ƙafafu biyu, kwatangwalo, da sauran ayyuka, gami da yin jima'i da hanji. Ra'ayin da ake amfani da shi na nakasassu ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke cikin yanayin ba za su iya tafiya, ko motsa ƙafafunsu, ko jin wani abu a ƙashin kugu ba. Amma ba haka lamarin yake ba. Hankali ga wannan rauni ya bambanta ga kowane mutum a yadda yake, kuma wani lokacin yana iya canzawa a lokuta daban-daban. Sabili da haka, paraplegia yana nufin raunin aiki da motsi, ba lallai ba ne ya zama mai ɗorewa da cikakkiyar inna. Raunin jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jiki sune sanadin da ya haifar da paraplegia. Wadannan raunin da suka faru sun tsoma baki tare da ikon kwakwalwa don aikawa da karɓar sigina a ƙasa da shafin rauni. Sauran dalilan sun hada da:

  • cututtuka na kashin baya;
  • kashin baya;
  • ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa;
  • cututtukan kwakwalwa;
  • da wuya - lalacewar jijiyoyi a cikin kwatangwalo ko kugu;
  • karancin iskar oxygen a cikin kwakwalwa ko lakar kashin baya saboda shaka, hatsarin tiyata, tashin hankali da makamantansu dalilai;
  • bugun jini;
  • nakasar da ke haifar da kwakwalwa da laka.

4. Quadriplegia (wani suna shine tetraplegia), wani nakasa ne da ke ƙasa da wuya. Yawanci, dukkan gaɓoɓi huɗu da akwati suna shafar. Kamar yadda yake tare da paraplegia, matsayin nakasa da rashin aiki na iya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum har ma daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Wasu quadriplegics ba tare da bata lokaci ba sun dawo da wasu ko duk ayyukansu, yayin da wasu kuma a hankali suke sake motsa kwakwalwarsu da gabobinsu ta hanyar takamaiman motsa jiki da motsa jiki. Babban dalilin quadriplegia shine raunin jijiya. Mafi yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da rauni na kashin baya sune haɗarin mota, ayyukan tashin hankali, faɗuwa da raunin wasanni.

Akwai wasu dalilai da yawa wadanda suke haifar da quadriplegia:

  • samu raunin kwakwalwa saboda cututtuka, bugun jini;
  • yunwar oxygen ta kwakwalwa saboda shaye shaye, haduran da ke tattare da maganin sa barci, girgizar rashin lafiyar jiki;
  • lalacewar kashin baya da kwakwalwa;
  • ciwace-ciwacen kashin baya da kwakwalwa;
  • cututtuka na kashin baya da kwakwalwa;
  • lalacewar jijiya cikin jiki;
  • unomalies na haihuwa;
  • rashin lafiyan halayen kwayoyi;
  • yawan shan ƙwayoyi ko barasa

Hakanan, likitoci sun banbanta nau'ikan cutar inna, ya danganta da tsawon lokacin cutar. Misali, zai iya zama na ɗan lokaci kamar Shanyayyen kararrawaWannan shine sunan yanayin da yake haifar gurguntar fuska ta ɗan lokaci.

Hakanan akwai ra'ayoyi kamar su m da kuma spastic inna. Tashin hankali yana sa tsokoki su yi kwangila su zama masu rauni. Cutar gurguntar jiki tana shafar tsokoki mai kauri. Wannan na iya haifar musu da jujjuyawa ba zato ba tsammani.

Akwai kuma kiliyanciCiwo ne na yau da kullun wanda ke tattare da rawar jiki a cikin gaɓoɓi. Matsayin mai mulkin, yana bayyana kanta a cikin mutane sama da shekaru 50. Abubuwan da suka fi haifar da ita sune cututtukan hankali, atherosclerosis, nau'ikan maye, da cutar encephalitis a baya.

Matsalolin rashin lafiya

Tunda cutar larura tana haifarda rashin motsi, yana da mahimmin tasiri akan aikin sauran tsarin jiki. Wadannan sun hada da:

  • canje-canje a cikin yanayin jini da numfashi;
  • canje-canje a cikin kodan da tsarin ciki;
  • canje-canje a cikin tsokoki, haɗin gwiwa da kasusuwa;
  • jijiyoyin tsoka;
  • cututtukan matsa lamba;
  • edema;
  • jin nutsuwa ko ciwo;
  • cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta;
  • rushewar aikin al'ada na kyallen takarda, gland da gabobin;
  • maƙarƙashiya;
  • asarar sarrafa fitsari;
  • lalata jima'i;
  • zufa mara kyau;
  • aiki mai wuya na tsarin tunani;
  • Matsalar haɗiye ko magana
  • matsalolin hangen nesa[4].

Tsawon lokaci a cikin yanayi na motsi kaɗan na iya jinkirta lokacin dawowa, kuma yana tare da jiri, ciwon kai, rashin wadataccen jini, yanayin bacci, da saurin kai.

Rigakafin inna

Babbar hanyar hana yaduwar cutar shanyewar jiki ita ce daidaita salon rayuwar ku don rage haɗarin cututtukan da inna ke haifar da alamomi ko sakamako.

Yana da mahimmanci don magance cututtukan cututtuka akan lokaci, daina halaye marasa kyau kamar shan sigari, giya, amfani da ƙwayoyi.

Hakanan, likitoci suna ba da shawarar bin rayuwa mai ƙoshin lafiya da lafiya - ɓata lokaci a iska mai kyau, gano wa kanku irin wannan aikin da ke kawo farin ciki, da aikata shi. Misali, gudu, tuka keke, zuwa gidan motsa jiki, ko rawa, horon motsa jiki.

Hakanan kuna buƙatar cin abinci daidai - aƙalla sau 3 a rana, yayin cin abinci mai ƙoshin lafiya mai ƙarfi tare da bitamin.

Idan kana da wani koke-koken lafiya, cutuka, kana bukatar ka hanzarta tuntuɓar likita domin hana ci gaban cutar, ci gabanta zuwa wani mataki na yau da kullun. Binciken likita na yau da kullun da rikitarwa na kiwon lafiya za su taimaka kare ku daga mummunan rashin lafiya.

Ganewar asali

Duk wanda ya sami rauni a kansa ko rauni a wuyansa yana buƙatar kimantawar likita kai tsaye don yiwuwar rauni na kashin baya. Doctors sun ce yana da lafiya don ɗaukar marasa lafiya suna da rauni na kashin baya har sai an tabbatar da hakan, saboda mummunan rauni na kashin baya ba koyaushe yake bayyana ba. Idan ba a gane shi ba, zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Nutsuwa ko inna na iya bayyana nan take, ko kuma ana iya jin sa sannu a hankali, yana haɓaka sakamakon zub da jini ko kumburi a kewayen ƙashin baya. Tsarin lokaci tsakanin gano raunin rauni da magani na iya zama mahimmanci wajen tantance ƙima da dawowa.[5].

Don sanin ƙididdigar cutar, likita ya gudanar da bincike game da mai haƙuri game da tsawon lokacin da ba a sami ƙarfi a cikin kowane rukuni na tsoka ba, wanda ya riga ya yi asararsa, ko wani a cikin iyali ya sha wahala daga irin waɗannan ƙorafin.

Bayan haka, ana yin gwajin likita, wanda zai ba ka damar kimanta ƙarfin ƙarfin tsoka, kazalika da nemo sauran alamun cututtukan cututtukan jijiyoyi (atrophy na tsoka, rikicewar haɗiye, strabismus, rashin daidaituwa a fuska, da sauransu).

Bayan - an tsara gwajin jini. Likitoci suna bincikar kasancewar kumburi a cikin jini, haɓakar matakin samfuran metabolism na tsoka, kuma suna bincika ko jikin ya ci guba. Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci a bincika jini don myasthenia gravis, cututtuka na autoimmune wanda ke nuna gajiyar tsoka.

Bugu da ari, ana gudanar da cikakken bincike game da jiki a cikin hanyar lantarki (kimantawa da aikin lantarki na bangarori daban-daban na kwakwalwa); lantarki (kima na aikin tsoka); lissafin hoto da maganadisu mai daukar hoton kai da jijiya (don gano rashin daidaito a cikin tsarin halittar kwakwalwar da kashin baya, da kuma tantance kasoshin jiki, zubar jini, zubar ciki, da sauransu).

Jiyya na inna a cikin magungunan al'ada

A halin yanzu, ba a ƙirƙira maganin warkar da shan inna na dindindin ba. Masu bincike suna da tabbacin cewa sashi ko ma cikakkiyar murmurewa mai yiyuwa ne tare da wasu nau'ikan cutar inna.

Ko cutar shanyewar barin jiki, raunin jijiya, ko cutar shan inna, hanyoyin magani da warkewa suna kamanceceniya da magungunan gargajiya. Jiyya yawanci yana mai da hankali kan dawo da haɗin tsakanin kwakwalwa da jiki. Misali, masu binciken Burtaniya sun kirkiro wata na’ura mai amfani da lantarki wacce ke taimakawa wajen dawo da aiki ga hannun da abin ya shafa ta hanyar isar da raunin wutar lantarki mara karfi zuwa jijiyoyi, don haka kunna tsokoki a cikin hannaye da hannaye. Wannan hanyar ana kiranta aikin rudani na lantarki ko FES. Hakanan ana amfani dashi don dawo da ƙananan ƙafafun kafa da ƙafa.

A cikin 2009, mujallar Brain ta wallafa wani bincike inda aka ruwaito cewa motsawa tare da motsawar lantarki a hade tare da shirin motsa jiki na taimakawa na tsawon watanni 7 ya ba wa nakasassu marasa karfi damar sake samun wani muhimmin mataki na kula da kafafunsu, yana ba su damar tashi (tsaya) na wani lokaci ba tare da taimakon waje ba[7].

Gabaɗaya, ga kowane nau'in inna kuma ga mutum ɗaya akwai hanyar daban don magani. An warkar da ciwon gurɓataccen ciki tare da tausa, aikin motsa jiki. Wani lokaci likita na iya ba da umarnin maganin ƙwayoyi, wanda, duk da haka, dole ne a kasance tare da shi tare da motsa jiki wanda zai yiwu ga mai haƙuri.

Tare da ciwon inna (lalacewar neuron na tsakiya), an tsara aikin tiyata.

Lafiyayyun abinci don inna

Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke haifar da gurguzu. Ya danganta da su cewa za a sami alamomi daban-daban da contraindications dangane da abinci. Saboda daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da gurguzu shine shanyewar jiki, muna samar da kayayyaki masu amfani wadanda ke taimakawa jiki wajen samun karfi da murmurewa daga rashin lafiya.

  1. 1 Abubuwan da ke ɗauke da sinadarin magnesium. Wannan sinadarin yana taimakawa wajen dawo da wuraren da kwakwalwa ta shafa. A cikin adadi mai yawa, ana samun sa a cikin naman sa (yana da kyau a ci durƙusad da), broccoli, ayaba, gwoza, wake, alayyafo.
  2. 2 Bitamin na rukunin B. Suna taimakawa kwakwalwa don gyarawa. Suna da wadataccen kifi mai kitse, salatin, ganye.
  3. 3 Idan har yanzu bugun jini ya tsokane inna, to yana da matukar muhimmanci a haɗa samfuran madarar fermented a cikin abinci - kefir, madara mai gasa, cuku gida. Ya kamata su kasance a cikin menu kowace rana. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen mayar da microflora na hanji bayan shan magani, da kuma kafa tsarin aiki mai kyau na tsarin narkewa.
  4. 4 An shawarci mara lafiyan da ya sha ruwa, aƙalla lita ɗaya da rabi a kowace rana. Yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye daidaituwar jini, yana hana shi daga kauri.
  5. 5 Porridge yana taimakawa jiki wajen samun ma'adanai masu mahimmanci. Suna taimakawa wajen kula da aikin kwakwalwa.

Abincin mutanen da ke fama da cutar inna ya zama mai sauƙi kamar yadda ya yiwu, mai saurin narkewa. Abincin shine mafi kyau a dafa shi, dafa shi, ko kuma gasa shi. An hana soyayyen abinci mai ƙanshi wanda yake da wahala ga mai rauni ga jiki ya narke.

Maganin gargajiya don inna

A lokacin matakin farko na shan inna, ana ba da shawarar shirya jiko na tushen valerian, fararen ganye mistletoe, oregano, da yarrow. Kuna buƙatar ɗaukar 100 ml sau 3 a rana kafin abinci.

Tare da shanyayyen Bell, ana ba da shawarar a zuba gilashin ruwan zãfi a kan cokali na busasshen ganye na ƙamshin macijin fure, a bar shi ya yi tsawon awanni 2, sannan a ɗauki cokali 3 tare da zuma sau 3 a rana kafin cin abinci.

Tare da parkinsonism, ingantaccen magani shine ɗaukar ruwan 'ya'yan itacen plantain, nettle, seleri. Idan cutar ta bayyana kanta a sakamakon atherosclerosis, to ana ba da shawarar marasa lafiya su ci 'ya'yan itatuwa su sha ruwan feijoa.

Don dawo da ikon motsawar wata nakasa mai shan inna, kuna buƙatar shirya maganin shafawa daga cokali 2 na hoda daga ganyen laurel. Suna buƙatar a zuba su da gilashin man sunflower, a kwaba su a cikin murhu mai zafi na kwana biyu, sannan a sanyaya a shafa a yankin da abin ya shafa.

Tare da rauni ko cikakken gurguntaccen kafafu, kuna buƙatar yin wanka lokaci -lokaci dangane da decoction na tushen rosehip. Don lita 1 na ruwa, kuna buƙatar dafa cokali 2-3 na tushen, zafi akan ƙaramin zafi na rabin sa'a, sannan ku ɗanɗana broth kaɗan kuma kuyi wanka[6].

Ganye ana daukar su mataimaka masu kyau a cikin yaki da inna:

  • Harafin Harafi An shirya diuretic daga gare ta. Zuba babban cokali na busassun ganye tare da gilashin ruwa, nace sai a dauki kofi 1/3 sau 3 a rana.
  • Oregano. Daga gareta kuna buƙatar yin wanka. Ya isa a jefa hannaye 7 na ganye cikin lita 10 na ruwa, a tafasa na mintina 5, sannan a zuba a banɗaki kafin a ɗauka.
  • Maryin saiwoyi An shirya jiko daga ciki, wanda aka ɗauka daidai da na farko - kofin 1/3 sau uku a rana. Kawai zuba cokali biyu na ganyen tare da gilashin ruwan zãfi, bar shi ya yi girki na awanni 2-3 ya sha kafin cin abinci.
  • Sage yana taimakawa wajen rage rawar jiki. Dole ne a zuba shi da ruwan zafi a cikin rabo na 1: 2, a bar shi a wuri mai ɗorewa na awanni 8 (dole ne a nade broth), sannan a ɗauki teaspoon ɗaya bayan sa'a ɗaya. Zaku iya wanke shi da madara.

Abinci mai haɗari da cutarwa ga inna

Bayan bugun jini, mutum yakamata ya kula da lafiyarsu kuma ya bi tsarin abinci mai tsauri don gujewa sake dawowa da irin wannan hadadden sakamako kamar inna. Ya kamata a cire shi daga abincin, da farko, barasa. Shi ne farkon wanda ke haifar da bugun jini na biyu. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a rage amfani da dankali da sauran abincin da ke ɗauke da sitaci mai yawa, saboda yana kauri jini.

An hana abinci mai kitse mai ɗauke da cholesterol - man shanu, margarine, kayan zaki daban -daban tare da kirim, cuku, nama mai kitse. Fats da ake buƙata don jiki an fi samun su daga kifi.

Hakanan ana ba da shawarar daina baƙin shayi da kofi, saboda suna haifar da hauhawar ƙarfi kuma suna iya haifar da zubar da jini akai-akai a cikin ƙwayar kwakwalwa.

Bayanan bayanai
  1. Cibiyar Ba da Tallafi da Taimako na Shari'a don Raunin Raunin inwayoyi da Lafiya, Source
  2. Stungiyar 'Yan Sanda ta Kasa, tushe
  3. Mahimmanci "Cututtukan Dan Adam da Yanayin su", tushen
  4. Bayanai: Brain da Spinal Cord, BrainAndSpinalCord
  5. Mayo Clinic (Amurka), tushe
  6. Littafin Adireshi "Herbalist: Golden girke-girke na maganin gargajiya." Hadewa da A. Markova, - M.: Eksmo; Tsarin, 2007, 928 p.
  7. Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, tushe
Sake buga kayan

An hana amfani da kowane abu ba tare da rubutaccen izininmu ba.

Dokokin tsaro

Gudanarwar ba ta da alhakin kowane yunƙuri na amfani da kowane girke-girke, shawara ko abinci, kuma ba ta da tabbacin cewa bayanin da aka ƙayyade zai taimaka ko cutar da ku da kanku. Yi hankali kuma koyaushe tuntuɓi likitan da ya dace!

Hankali!

Gwamnati ba ta da alhakin kowane yunƙuri na amfani da bayanin da aka bayar, kuma ba ta da tabbacin cewa ba zai cutar da kai da kanka ba. Ba za a iya amfani da kayan don wajabta magani da yin ganewar asali ba. Koyaushe tuntuɓi likitan ku!

Gina jiki don sauran cututtuka:

2 Comments

  1. Ukukhubazeka kunqondo

  2. Umphakathi ubabuka kanjani abantu abakhubazekile

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