Ciwon daji na Nasopharyngeal yana farawa a bayan hanyoyin hanci, daga sashin da ke sama da lallausan ɓangarorin zuwa ɓangaren sama na makogwaro. Mutanen da ke da yanayin sukan ci gaba da nodules a cikin wuyansa, suna iya samun jin dadi ko jin zafi a cikin kunnuwa, da kuma rashin jin. Alamun daga baya sun hada da hanci, toshewar hanci, kumburin fuska da kuma kumbura. Ana buƙatar biopsy don yin ganewar asali da gwaje-gwajen hoto (CT, MRI, ko PET) don tantance girman ciwon daji. Magani ya dogara akan radiotherapy da chemotherapy kuma, na musamman, akan tiyata.

Ciwon daji na Nasopharyngeal, wanda kuma ake kira nasopharynx, cavum ko epipharynx, ciwon daji ne na asalin epithelial, wanda ke tasowa a cikin sel na sama na pharynx, a bayan sassan hanci, daga sashin da ke sama daga lallausan ɓangarorin zuwa ɓangaren sama. makogwaro. Yawancin ciwon daji na nasopharynx su ne squamous cell carcinomas, wanda ke nufin suna tasowa a cikin ƙwayoyin squamous da ke cikin nasopharynx.

Ko da yake ciwon daji na nasopharyngeal na iya tasowa a kowane zamani, musamman yana shafar matasa da marasa lafiya fiye da shekaru 50. Ko da yake ba kasafai ba a Amurka da Yammacin Turai, ya zama ruwan dare a Asiya kuma yana daya daga cikin cututtukan daji da aka fi sani a tsakanin 'yan kasar Sin da ke zuwa Amurka. Jihohi, musamman na Kudancin Sin da Kudancin kasar. - Asiya. Ciwon daji na Nasopharyngeal ba kasafai ba ne a Faransa tare da kasa da shari'a ɗaya a cikin mazaunan 100. Maza sun fi mata yawa.

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta rarraba ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji na nasopharyngeal bisa la’akari da bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin cuta:

• Nau'in I: bambanta keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. Rare, ana lura da shi musamman a yankuna na duniya waɗanda ke da ƙarancin faruwa;
• Nau'in II: bambance-bambancen da ba keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (35 zuwa 40% na lokuta);
• Nau'in III: Ciwon daji na Nasopharyngeal na Nasopharyngeal (UCNT: Carcinoma maras kyau na Nasopharyngeal). Yana wakiltar 50% na lokuta a Faransa, kuma tsakanin 65% (Arewacin Amurka) da 95% (China) na lokuta;
• Lymphomas wanda ke wakiltar kusan 10 zuwa 15% na lokuta.

Sauran cututtukan daji na nasopharyngeal sun haɗa da:

• adenoids cystic carcinomas (cylindromes);
• gauraye ciwace-ciwace;
• adenocarcinoma;
• fibrosarcomas;
• osteosarcomas;
• chondrosarcoma;
• melanoma.
  

An nuna wasu dalilai na muhalli da ɗabi'a don zama carcinogenic ga mutane dangane da ciwon daji na nasopharyngeal:

• Kwayar cutar Epstein-Barr: wannan kwayar cuta daga dangin herpes tana cutar da lymphocytes na tsarin rigakafi da wasu kwayoyin halitta a cikin rufin baki da pharynx. Kamuwa da cuta yawanci yana faruwa a lokacin ƙuruciya kuma yana iya bayyana azaman kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta ta numfashi ko mononucleosis mai kamuwa da cuta, cuta mai laushi na yara da samartaka. Fiye da kashi 90% na mutane a duniya sun kamu da wannan ƙwayar cuta, amma gabaɗaya ba ta da illa. Wannan shi ne saboda ba duk mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar Epstein-Barr ke haifar da ciwon daji na nasopharyngeal ba;
• cin kifin da aka tanada ko aka shirya a gishiri, ko na abinci da aka adana ta hanyar nitrites: ana aiwatar da wannan hanyar kiyayewa ko shiri a yankuna da dama na duniya, musamman a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Duk da haka, tsarin da ke haɗa irin wannan nau'in abinci da samuwar ciwon daji na nasopharyngeal bai riga ya tabbatar ba. An gabatar da hasashen guda biyu: samuwar nitrosamines da sake kunna kwayar cutar Epstein-Barr;
• shan taba: haɗarin yana ƙaruwa tare da adadin da tsawon lokacin shan taba;
• formaldehyde: an rarraba shi a cikin 2004 a cikin abubuwan da aka tabbatar da cutar daji a cikin mutane don ciwon daji na nasopharynx. Fuskantar formaldehyde yana faruwa a cikin ƙwararru fiye da ɗari ɗari da sassa daban-daban na ayyuka: likitan dabbobi, kayan kwalliya, magunguna, masana'antu, aikin gona, da sauransu.
• Kurar itace: da ake fitarwa a lokacin aikin sarrafa itace (fashewa, sarewa, niƙa), injinan itace mai ƙaƙƙarfan itace ko ɓangarorin katako da aka sake ginawa, jigilar kwakwalwan kwamfuta da sawdust sakamakon waɗannan sauye-sauye, kammala kayan daki (ginning). Ana iya shakar wannan kurar itace, musamman ta mutanen da aka fallasa a yayin aikinsu.

Sauran abubuwan haɗari ga ciwon daji na nasopharyngeal ana zargin su a cikin ilimin halin yanzu:

• m shan taba;
• Shan giya;
• cin ja ko naman da aka sarrafa;
• kamuwa da cutar papillomavirus (HPV 16).

Hakanan ana gano haɗarin kwayoyin halitta ta wasu binciken.

Yawancin lokaci, ciwon daji na nasopharyngeal yana fara yadawa zuwa ga nodes na lymph, yana haifar da nodules mai laushi a cikin wuyansa, kafin wasu alamun. Wani lokaci ci gaba da toshewar hanci ko bututun eustachian na iya haifar da jin cikawa ko jin zafi a cikin kunnuwa, da kuma asarar ji, ta hanyar gefe guda. Idan bututun eustachian ya toshe, zubar ruwa zai iya tasowa a cikin kunnen tsakiya.

Masu cutar kuma na iya samun:

• fuska mai kumbura;
• hanci mai gudu da jini;
• epistaxis, wato, zubar jini;
• jini a yau;
• gurɓataccen ɓangaren fuska ko ido;
• lymphadenopathy na mahaifa.

Don gano ciwon daji na nasopharyngeal, likita ya fara bincikar nasopharynx tare da madubi na musamman ko kuma bakin ciki, bututun kallo, wanda ake kira endoscope. Idan an sami ciwace-ciwacen daji, to likita ya yi biopsy na nasopharyngeal, wanda aka ɗauki samfurin nama kuma a bincika a ƙarƙashin na'urar gani.

Ana yin na'urar daukar hoto (CT) na gindin kwanyar da hoton maganadisu na maganadisu (MRI) na kai, nasopharynx, da gindin kwanyar don tantance girman ciwon daji. Hakanan ana yin sikanin positron emission tomography (PET) don tantance girman ciwon daji da ƙwayoyin lymph a wuya.

Jiyya na farko yana inganta haɓakar hasashen ciwon daji na nasopharyngeal. Kimanin kashi 60-75% na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji na farko suna da sakamako mai kyau kuma suna rayuwa aƙalla shekaru 5 bayan ganewar asali.

Kamar yadda yake tare da duk ciwon daji na ENT, ana tattauna hanyoyin daban-daban da dabarun magani a cikin CPR don ba wa majiyyaci wani tsarin kulawa na musamman. Ana gudanar da wannan taro ne a gaban kwararru daban-daban da ke da ruwa da tsaki a cikin kula da mara lafiya:

• likitan fiɗa;
• radiotherapy;
• likitan ciwon daji;
• likitan rediyo;
• masanin halin dan Adam;
• likitan ilimin likita;
• likitan hakori.

Saboda yanayin yanayin su da tsawo na gida, ciwon daji na nasopharyngeal ba sa samun damar yin amfani da tiyata. Yawancin lokaci ana bi da su tare da chemotherapy da radiotherapy, wanda sau da yawa adjuvant chemotherapy ke biye da su:

• chemotherapy: ana amfani da su sosai, saboda ciwon daji na nasopharyngeal ciwace-ciwace ce. Magungunan da aka fi amfani dasu sune bleomycin, epirubicin da cisplatin. Chemotherapy ana amfani da shi kadai ko a hade tare da radiotherapy (haɓaka radiochemotherapy);
• maganin radiation na waje na waje: yana kula da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da ƙwayoyin lymph;
• Tsarin rediyo mai jujjuyawa tare da daidaitawa mai ƙarfi (RCMI): yana ba da damar haɓakawa a cikin ɗaukar hoto na ƙari tare da mafi kyawun tanadin tsarin lafiya da wuraren da ke cikin haɗari. Riba a cikin guba na salivary yana da mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da hasken wuta na al'ada da kuma inganta rayuwar rayuwa a cikin dogon lokaci;
• brachytherapy ko sanya na'urar radiyo: za'a iya amfani da shi azaman kari bayan sakawa a iska a waje a cikakken allurai ko azaman kamawa a cikin yanayin ƙaramar sake dawowa na sama.

Idan ƙari ya sake bayyana, ana maimaita maganin radiation ko, a cikin takamaiman yanayi, ana iya ƙoƙarin tiyata. Wannan yana da rikitarwa duk da haka saboda yawanci ya haɗa da cire wani ɓangare na gindin kwanyar. Wani lokaci ana yin ta ta hanci ta hanyar amfani da endoscope.