Don cimma wani abu, kuna buƙatar saita manufa, raba shi cikin ayyuka, saita lokacin ƙarshe… Wannan shine yadda miliyoyin littattafai, labarai da masu horarwa suke koyarwa. Amma daidai ne? Zai yi kama da abin da zai iya zama ba daidai ba tare da tafiya ta tsari zuwa ga manufa? Helen Edwards, shugabar ɗakin karatu na makarantar kasuwanci ta Skolkovo, ta yi jayayya.
Sabis na Owain da Rory Gallagher, marubutan Tunani Narrow. Hanyoyi masu sauƙi masu ban mamaki don cimma manyan manufofi "da masu bincike daga Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai (BIT), suna aiki ga gwamnatin Burtaniya:
- Zaɓi manufa mai kyau;
- Nuna juriya;
- Rage babban aiki zuwa matakai masu sauƙin sarrafawa;
- Yi tunanin takamaiman matakan da ake buƙata;
- Haɗa ra'ayoyin;
- Samun goyon bayan zamantakewa;
- Ka tuna da lada.
BIT tana nazarin yadda ake amfani da nudges da ilimin halin dan Adam don "ƙarfafa mutane su yi zaɓi mafi kyau ga kansu da al'umma." Musamman ma, yana taimakawa wajen yin zaɓin da ya dace idan yazo da salon rayuwa mai kyau da dacewa.
A cikin littafin, marubutan sun buga wani binciken da masana ilimin halayyar dan adam Albert Bandura da Daniel Chervon suka yi, wadanda suka auna sakamakon daliban da suka yi motsa jiki a kan kekunan motsa jiki. Masu binciken sun gano cewa "daliban da aka gaya musu inda suke dangane da burin sun ninka aikinsu kuma sun fi wadanda suka samu kawai burin ko kuma kawai amsa."
Don haka, yawancin aikace-aikace da masu bin diddigin motsa jiki da ke gare mu a yau suna ba mu damar matsawa zuwa manufa iri-iri da inganci fiye da kowane lokaci. Kamfanoni da yawa sun gabatar da shirye-shiryen motsa jiki tare da rarraba na'urorin motsa jiki ga ma'aikata don ƙarfafa su su ɗauki matakai 10 a rana. Kamar yadda aka zata, mutane da yawa sun fara saita manufa mafi girma a hankali, wanda aka dauka a matsayin babban nasara.
Koyaya, akwai wani gefen zuwa saita burin. Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam wadanda ke magance jarabar motsa jiki mara kyau suna ganin lamarin ya bambanta.
Suna yin tir da masu kula da lafiyar jiki, suna masu cewa su ne "abin da ya fi wauta a duniya ... mutanen da ke amfani da irin waɗannan na'urori sun fada cikin tarkon ci gaba da haɓakawa kuma suna ci gaba da motsa jiki, yin watsi da karayar damuwa da sauran munanan raunuka, don samun irin wannan gaggawa. .” endorphins, wanda ƴan watannin da suka gabata aka samu tare da nauyi mai sauƙi.
Zamanin dijital ya fi jaraba fiye da kowane zamani da ya gabata a tarihi.
A cikin wani littafi mai suna "Ba a iya jurewa. Me yasa muke ci gaba da dubawa, gungurawa, dannawa, dubawa kuma ba za mu iya tsayawa ba? Masanin ilimin halin dan Adam na Jami’ar Columbia Adam Alter ya yi kashedin: “Muna mai da hankali kan fa’idar kafa manufa ba tare da mai da hankali ga kasala ba. Saitin manufa ya kasance kayan aiki mai ƙarfafawa mai amfani a baya yayin da mutane suka gwammace su kashe ɗan lokaci da kuzari sosai. Ba za a iya kiran mu da hankali mai aiki tuƙuru, masu nagarta da lafiya ba. Amma pendulum ya karkata akasin haka. Yanzu muna da sha'awar samun ƙarin aiki a cikin ɗan lokaci da muka manta da dakatarwa."
Tunanin bukatar saita manufa ɗaya bayan ɗaya a haƙiƙa yana nan kwanan nan. Alter yayi jayayya cewa shekarun dijital ya fi saurin kamuwa da jarabar ɗabi'a fiye da kowane zamanin da ya gabata a tarihi. Intanet ta gabatar da sabbin maƙasudai waɗanda “suna isa, kuma sau da yawa ba a gayyace su ba, a cikin akwatin wasiku ko akan allonku.”
Irin wannan fahimtar da gwamnatoci da ayyukan zamantakewa ke amfani da su don gina kyawawan halaye ana iya amfani da su don hana abokan ciniki amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka. Matsalar a nan ba rashin son rai ba ne, kawai "akwai mutane dubu a bayan allon wanda aikinsu shine karya kamun kai da kuke da shi."
An tsara samfurori da ayyuka don sauƙaƙe amfani da su fiye da tsayawa, daga Netflix, inda za a sauke shirin na gaba na gaba ta atomatik, zuwa Marathon na Duniya na Warcraft, lokacin da 'yan wasa ba sa so a katse su ko da don barci da kuma barci. abinci.
Wani lokaci ƙarfafawar zamantakewar zamantakewa a cikin nau'i na "so" yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa mutum ya fara ci gaba da sabunta Facebook (ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka dakatar a Rasha) ko Instagram (ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka dakatar a Rasha). Amma jin nasara da sauri ya ɓace. Da zaran kun cimma burin samun masu biyan kuɗi dubu a Instagram (ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka dakatar a Rasha), wani sabon abu ya bayyana a wurinsa - yanzu masu biyan kuɗi dubu biyu da alama sun zama maƙasudin cancanta.
Alter yana nuna yadda shahararrun samfura da sabis ke haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da rage ɓacin rai ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da saitin manufa da hanyoyin lada. Duk wannan yana ƙara haɗarin haɓaka jaraba.
Yin amfani da nasarorin kimiyyar ɗabi'a, yana yiwuwa a sarrafa ba kawai yadda muke shakatawa ba. Noam Scheiber a cikin The New York Times ya bayyana yadda Uber ke amfani da ilimin halin dan Adam don sa direbobinta suyi aiki tukuru gwargwadon iko. Kamfanin ba shi da iko kai tsaye a kan direbobi - sun fi 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu fiye da ma'aikata. Wannan yana nufin yana da matuƙar mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa koyaushe ana samun wadatar su don biyan buƙatu da haɓakar kamfani.
Daraktan bincike a Uber yayi sharhi: “Mafi kyawun saitunan tsoho namu yana ƙarfafa ku kuyi aiki tuƙuru gwargwadon iyawa. Ba ma buƙatar wannan ta kowace hanya. Amma waɗannan sune saitunan tsoho.
Misali, anan akwai fasalulluka guda biyu na manhajar da ke kwadaitar da direbobi suyi aiki tukuru:
- «ci gaba da kasafi» - ana nuna direbobin tafiya mai yiwuwa na gaba kafin ƙarshen na yanzu,
- alamu na musamman waɗanda ke jagorantar su inda kamfani ke son zuwa - don biyan buƙatu, ba ƙara kudin shiga na direba ba.
Musamman tasiri shine saitin hari na sabani wanda ke hana direbobi da sanya alamar alama mara ma'ana. Scheiber ya lura, "Saboda Uber yana tsara duk aikin direba ta hanyar app, babu abin da zai hana kamfanin bin abubuwan wasa."
Wannan yanayin shine na dogon lokaci. Haɓaka tattalin arziƙin mai zaman kansa zai iya haifar da "ƙwaƙwalwar ilimin tunani a ƙarshe ya zama babbar hanyar kula da Amurkawa masu aiki."
Game da gwani: Helen Edwards ita ce shugaban ɗakin karatu a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Skolkovo Moscow.