Ƙirƙirar ƙirƙira ta hanyar yanayi

Kimiyyar biomimetics yanzu tana kan matakin farko na ci gaba. Halittu shi ne bincike da aron ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga yanayi da kuma amfani da su wajen magance matsalolin da ke fuskantar bil'adama. Asalin asali, sabon abu, daidaito mara kyau da tattalin arzikin albarkatun, wanda yanayi ke warware matsalolinsa, kawai ba zai iya jin daɗi ba kuma yana haifar da sha'awar kwafin waɗannan matakai masu ban mamaki, abubuwa da sifofi har zuwa wani wuri. Masanin kimiyya dan kasar Amurka Jack E. Steele ne ya kirkiro kalmar biomimetics a shekarar 1958. Kuma kalmar "bionics" ta fara amfani da ita a cikin 70s na karnin da ya gabata, lokacin da jerin "The Six Million Dollar Man" da "The Biotic Woman" suka bayyana a talabijin. Tim McGee yayi gargadin cewa bai kamata a rikita ilimin halittu kai tsaye tare da ƙirar halitta ba saboda, sabanin biomimetics, ƙirar halitta ba ta jaddada amfani da tattalin arziki na albarkatu ba. Da ke ƙasa akwai misalan nasarorin da aka samu na biomimetics, inda waɗannan bambance-bambancen suka fi bayyana. Lokacin ƙirƙirar kayan aikin halitta na polymeric, an yi amfani da ka'idar aiki na harsashi na holothrian (kokwamba na teku). Cucumbers na teku suna da sifa ta musamman - za su iya canza taurin collagen wanda ke haifar da murfin waje na jikinsu. Lokacin da kokwamba na teku ya ji haɗari, yakan ƙara taurin fata, kamar an tsage shi da harsashi. Akasin haka, idan yana buƙatar matse cikin kunkuntar tazara, zai iya yin rauni sosai tsakanin abubuwan fatarsa ​​ta yadda a zahiri ta zama jelly mai ruwa. Ƙungiyar masana kimiyya daga Case Western Reserve sun gudanar da ƙirƙirar wani abu da ya dogara da fibers cellulose tare da irin wannan kaddarorin: a gaban ruwa, wannan abu ya zama filastik, kuma lokacin da ya ɓace, ya sake ƙarfafawa. Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa irin wannan abu ya fi dacewa don samar da intracerebral electrodes, wanda ake amfani da su, musamman, a cikin cutar Parkinson. Lokacin da aka dasa su a cikin kwakwalwa, na'urorin lantarki da aka yi da irin wannan abu za su zama filastik kuma ba za su lalata ƙwayar kwakwalwa ba. Kamfanin marufi na Amurka Ecovative Design ya ƙirƙiri gungun kayan sabuntawa da abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su don rufin zafi, marufi, kayan daki da na kwamfuta. McGee har ma yana da abin wasan yara da aka yi daga wannan kayan. Don samar da waɗannan kayan, ana amfani da husks na shinkafa, buckwheat da auduga, wanda akan shuka naman gwari Pleurotus ostreatus (naman kaza). Cakuda da ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin naman kawa da hydrogen peroxide ana sanya su a cikin gyare-gyare na musamman kuma a ajiye su a cikin duhu domin samfurin ya taurare ƙarƙashin rinjayar mycelium naman kaza. Daga nan sai a bushe samfurin don dakatar da ci gaban naman gwari da kuma hana rashin lafiyar jiki yayin amfani da samfurin. Angela Belcher da tawagarta sun ƙirƙiri batirin novub wanda ke amfani da ƙwayar cuta ta M13 bacteriophage da aka gyara. Yana iya haɗa kansa da kayan da ba a haɗa su ba kamar zinariya da cobalt oxide. Sakamakon haɗin kai na ƙwayoyin cuta, ana iya samun dogayen nanowires. Ƙungiyar Bletcher ta sami damar harhada yawancin waɗannan nanowires, wanda ya haifar da tushen ƙaƙƙarfan baturi mai ƙarfi. A cikin 2009, masana kimiyya sun nuna yiwuwar yin amfani da kwayar cutar da aka canza ta hanyar halitta don ƙirƙirar anode da cathode na baturin lithium-ion. Ostiraliya ta haɓaka sabon tsarin kula da ruwan sharar Biolytix. Wannan tsarin tacewa zai iya juyar da najasa da sharar abinci cikin sauri zuwa ruwa mai inganci wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don ban ruwa. A cikin tsarin Biolytix, tsutsotsi da kwayoyin ƙasa suna yin duk aikin. Yin amfani da tsarin Biolytix yana rage yawan kuzari da kusan kashi 90% kuma yana aiki kusan sau 10 da inganci fiye da tsarin tsaftacewa na al'ada. Matashin masanin Ostiraliya Thomas Herzig ya yi imanin cewa akwai manyan damammaki na gine-ginen da za a iya busawa. A ra'ayinsa, sifofin da za a iya busawa sun fi na gargajiya inganci sosai, saboda sauƙin su da ƙarancin amfani da kayan aiki. Dalilin ya ta'allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa ƙarfin ƙarfi yana aiki ne kawai akan membrane mai sassauci, yayin da ƙarfin matsawa yana adawa da wani matsakaicin matsakaici - iska, wanda yake a ko'ina kuma gaba ɗaya kyauta. Godiya ga wannan tasirin, yanayi yana amfani da sifofi iri ɗaya na miliyoyin shekaru: kowane mai rai ya ƙunshi sel. Tunanin hada tsarin gine-gine daga nau'ikan pneumocell da aka yi da PVC ya dogara ne akan ka'idodin gina tsarin salon salula. Kwayoyin, wanda Thomas Herzog ya mallaka, ba su da tsada sosai kuma suna ba ku damar ƙirƙirar adadin haɗin kai kusan mara iyaka. A wannan yanayin, lalata ɗaya ko ma da yawa pneumocells ba zai haifar da lalata tsarin gaba ɗaya ba. Ka'idar aiki da Kamfanin Calera ke amfani da shi ya fi kwatanta ƙirƙirar siminti na halitta, wanda murjani ke amfani da shi a lokacin rayuwarsu don fitar da calcium da magnesium daga ruwan teku don haɗa carbonates a yanayin zafi na yau da kullun da matsi. Kuma a cikin halittar Calera siminti, carbon dioxide an fara canza shi zuwa carbonic acid, wanda daga nan ake samun carbonates. McGee ya ce da wannan hanya, don samar da tan guda na siminti, ya zama dole a gyara kusan adadin carbon dioxide. Samar da siminti a cikin al'ada yana haifar da gurɓataccen carbon dioxide, amma wannan fasahar juyin juya hali, akasin haka, yana ɗaukar carbon dioxide daga muhalli. Kamfanin Novomer na Amurka, wanda ke kera sabbin kayan da ba su dace da muhalli ba, ya samar da wata fasaha ta samar da robobi, inda ake amfani da carbon dioxide da carbon monoxide a matsayin manyan kayan masarufi. McGee ya jaddada kimar wannan fasaha, domin sakin iskar gas da sauran iskar gas masu guba a cikin yanayi na daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin wannan zamani. A cikin fasahar robobi na Novomer, sabbin polymers da robobi na iya ƙunsar har zuwa 50% carbon dioxide da carbon monoxide, kuma samar da waɗannan kayan yana buƙatar ƙarancin kuzari. Irin wannan samarwa zai taimaka wajen ɗaure babban adadin iskar gas, kuma waɗannan kayan da kansu sun zama masu lalacewa. Da zarar kwarin ya taba ganyen tarko na wata shukar Venus flytrap mai cin nama, nan take siffar ganyen ta fara canjawa, sai kwarin ya tsinci kansa a cikin tarkon mutuwa. Alfred Crosby da abokan aikinsa daga Jami'ar Amherst (Massachusetts) sun yi nasarar ƙirƙirar wani abu na polymer wanda zai iya amsawa a cikin irin wannan hanya zuwa ƙananan canje-canje a matsa lamba, zazzabi, ko ƙarƙashin rinjayar wutar lantarki. Fuskar wannan abu an rufe shi da ƙananan tabarau, ruwan tabarau masu cika iska waɗanda za su iya canza curvature cikin sauri (zama convex ko concave) tare da canje-canje a matsa lamba, zafin jiki, ko ƙarƙashin tasirin halin yanzu. Girman waɗannan microlenses ya bambanta daga 50 µm zuwa 500 µm. Ƙananan ruwan tabarau da kansu da kuma nisa tsakanin su, da sauri kayan aiki yana amsawa ga canje-canje na waje. McGee ya ce abin da ke sa wannan abu ya zama na musamman shi ne cewa an halicce shi ne a mahadar micro- da nanotechnology. Mussels, kamar sauran mollusks bivalve, suna iya daurewa da ƙarfi zuwa sama da dama tare da taimakon filament na furotin na musamman, masu nauyi - abin da ake kira byssus. Layer na waje mai karewa na glandar byssal abu ne mai dacewa, mai dorewa sosai kuma a lokaci guda kayan roba mai ban mamaki. Farfesa Herbert Waite na Jami'ar California ya dade yana binciken mussels, kuma ya yi nasarar sake kirkiro wani abu wanda tsarinsa yayi kama da kayan da ake samarwa. McGee ya ce Herbert Waite ya bude wani sabon fanni na bincike, kuma aikin nasa ya riga ya taimaka wa wani rukunin masana kimiyya wajen samar da fasahar PureBond don kula da saman katako ba tare da amfani da formaldehyde da sauran abubuwa masu guba ba. Shark fata yana da cikakkiyar dukiya ta musamman - ƙwayoyin cuta ba su ninka shi ba, kuma a lokaci guda ba a rufe shi da wani mai mai mai cutarwa. A wasu kalmomi, fata ba ta kashe kwayoyin cuta, kawai ba su wanzu a kanta. Sirrin ya ta'allaka ne a cikin wani tsari na musamman, wanda mafi ƙarancin ma'auni na fata shark ya samo asali. Haɗuwa da juna, waɗannan ma'auni suna samar da tsari na musamman na lu'u-lu'u. An sake yin wannan tsari akan fim ɗin kariya na Sharklet. McGee ya yi imanin cewa aikace-aikacen wannan fasaha ba shi da iyaka. Lallai, aikace-aikacen irin wannan nau'in da ba ya ƙyale ƙwayoyin cuta su ninka a saman abubuwa a asibitoci da wuraren taruwar jama'a na iya kawar da kwayoyin cutar da kashi 80%. A wannan yanayin, ƙwayoyin cuta ba su halaka ba, kuma, sabili da haka, ba za su iya samun juriya ba, kamar yadda yake tare da maganin rigakafi. Fasahar Sharklet ita ce fasaha ta farko a duniya don hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta ba tare da amfani da abubuwa masu guba ba. bisa ga bigpikture.ru