"Mutum ya wuce gona da iri!" - irin wannan kukan na iya tsoratar da kowa a cikin jirgin. Yana nufin cewa kana buƙatar barin aikinka kuma ka ceci abokin aiki da ke mutuwa cikin gaggawa. Amma game da Jacques-Yves Cousteau, wannan doka ba ta yi aiki ba. Wannan labari na mutum ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa "a kan ruwa". Umarni na ƙarshe na Cousteau, wanda babu wanda ya ji kamar ya ji, kira ba kawai don nutsewa cikin teku ba, amma don rayuwa a cikinsa.
Falsafa kwarara
Shekaru dari da suka wuce, a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1910, an haifi shahararren mai binciken Tekun Duniya, marubucin fina-finai da yawa game da teku, Jacques-Yves Cousteau, a Faransa. Matashi Jacques-Yves ya fara nutsewa cikin zurfin teku mai shuɗi a baya a cikin shekaru ashirin na karnin da ya gabata. Da sauri ya kamu da kamun kifi. Kuma a cikin 1943, tare da ƙwararren mai zanen kayan aikin karkashin ruwa, Emil Gagnan, ya ƙirƙiri mai kula da samar da iska mai hawa ɗaya don tsarin tallafi na rayuwa (a zahiri, ƙane ne na zamani mai mataki biyu). Wato, Cousteau a zahiri ya ba mu kayan motsa jiki, kamar yadda muka sani yanzu - hanya mai aminci don nutsewa zuwa zurfin zurfi.
Bugu da kari, Jacques Cousteau, mai daukar hoto da darakta, ya tsaya a ainihin asalin hoto na karkashin ruwa da daukar hoto na bidiyo. Ya tsara kuma ya gwada a zurfin mita ashirin na farko na kyamarar bidiyo na 35 mm a cikin wani gida mai hana ruwa don yin fim a karkashin ruwa. Ya ɓullo da musamman lighting kayan aikin da damar harbi a zurfin (kuma a lokacin da fim ji na ƙwarai kai kawai 10 ISO raka'a), ƙirƙira na farko karkashin ruwa tsarin talabijin ... Kuma da yawa.
Wani ɗan juyin juya hali na gaske shine ƙaramin jirgin ruwa na Diving Saucer (samfurin farko, 1957) wanda aka ƙirƙira ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa kuma yayi kama da saucer mai tashi. Na'urar ta juya ta zama wakili mafi nasara na ajin ta. Cousteau yana so ya kira kansa "mai fasaha na teku", wanda, ba shakka, kawai wani ɓangare yana nuna basirarsa.
Kuma, ba shakka, Jacques-Yves ya kirkiro fina-finan kimiyya masu ban mamaki da yawa a tsawon rayuwarsa mai albarka. Na farko, wanda aka tsara don taron jama'a, fim ɗin wannan darakta ba ƙwararren ba kuma masanin ilimin teku (kamar yadda masana kimiyya masu daraja suka kira shi) - "The World of Silence" (1956) ya karbi "Oscar" da "Palm Branch" na Cannes Film Festival (shi ne, ta hanyar, fim na farko da ba na almara ba don lashe Palme d'Or. Fim na biyu ("Labarin Red Fish", 1958) kuma ya sami Oscar, yana tabbatar da cewa Oscar na farko ya kasance. ba hatsari ba…
A cikin ƙasarmu, mai binciken ya sami ƙaunar mutane godiya ga jerin talabijin na Cousteau's Underwater Odyssey. Duk da haka, ra'ayin cewa a cikin jama'a sani Cousteau ya kasance ne kawai a matsayin mahaliccin jerin shahararrun fina-finai (da kuma mai kirkiro na zamani scuba kaya) ba gaskiya ba ne.
Wanda Jacques-Yves ya kasance kamar majagaba ne.
duniya kyaftin
Comrades sun kira Cousteau dan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai nuna wasan kwaikwayo saboda dalili. Ya kasance mai ban mamaki wajen neman masu tallafawa kuma koyaushe yana samun abin da yake so. Alal misali, ya sami jirginsa "Calypso" tun kafin a samo shi, yana bin shi a zahiri (tare da iyalinsa) tsawon shekaru da yawa, duk inda ya yi tafiya ... kuma, a ƙarshe, ya karbi jirgin a matsayin kyauta daga Guinness miliyon Irish. Attajirin giya, wanda ayyukan Cousteau ya burge shi, a cikin 1950 ya ba da gudummawar mafi yawan adadin da ake buƙata don siyan "Calypso" da ake so daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Biritaniya (wannan tsohon ma'aikacin ma'adinai ne), kuma ya ba da hayar Cousteau na wani lokaci mara iyaka don alamar franc ɗaya. a kowace shekara…
"Kyaftin" - wannan shine yadda ake kiransa a Faransa, wani lokaci ana kiransa "Kyaftin na Duniya." Kuma abokansa sun kira shi a sauƙaƙe - "Sarki". Ya san yadda za a jawo hankalin mutane zuwa gare shi, don kamuwa da sha'awarsa da ƙaunar zurfin teku, don tsarawa da haɗuwa cikin ƙungiya, don ƙarfafa bincike mai iyaka a kan wani aiki. Sannan kuma ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa ga nasara.
Cousteau ba shi kadai ba ne jarumi, da son rai ya yi amfani da basirar mutanen da ke kewaye da shi: gwanintar injiniya na E. Gagnan da kuma daga baya A. Laban, kyautar wallafe-wallafen marubucin marubucin sanannen littafinsa "Duniya na Silence". "F. Dumas, kwarewar Farfesa Edgerton - wanda ya kirkiro walƙiya na lantarki - da kuma tasirin surukinsa a cikin kamfanin Air Liquide, wanda ya samar da kayan aikin karkashin ruwa ... Cousteau yana son maimaita: "A abincin dare, ko da yaushe zabi. mafi kyawun kawa. Ta wannan hanyar, har zuwa ƙarshe, duk kawa za su kasance mafi kyau. A cikin aikinsa, ya kasance yana amfani da kayan aikin da suka fi dacewa kawai, kuma abin da babu shi, ya ƙirƙira. Ya kasance mai nasara na gaske a ma'anar kalmar Amurka.
Abokinsa mai aminci Andre Laban, wanda Cousteau ya ɗauka a matsayin jirgin ruwa tare da gwajin gwaji na mako guda kuma wanda ya yi tafiya tare da shi tsawon shekaru 20, har zuwa ƙarshe, ya kwatanta shi da Napoleon. Tawagar Cousteau suna son Kyaftin ɗinsu domin sojojin Napoleon ne kaɗai ke iya son gunkinsu. Gaskiya ne, Cousteau bai yi yaƙi don mulkin duniya ba. Ya yi yaƙi don tallafawa shirye-shiryen bincike na ƙarƙashin ruwa, don nazarin Tekun Duniya, don faɗaɗa iyakoki ba kawai na ƙasarsa ta Faransa ba, amma na dukan ecumene, Duniyar da ɗan adam ke zaune.
Ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa Cousteau sun fahimci cewa sun kasance a cikin jirgin fiye da ma'aikatan da aka hayar. Su ’yan uwansa ne, ’yan’uwansu, wadanda a kodayaushe a shirye suke su bi shi cikin wuta, ba shakka, a cikin ruwa, inda suke aiki, wani lokaci na kwanaki, sau da yawa a kan kudin da ba a san su ba. Dukkanin ma'aikatan Calypso - ƙaunataccen Cousteau kuma kawai jirgin ruwa - sun fahimci cewa su ne Argonauts na karni na ashirin kuma suna shiga cikin tarihi kuma, a wata hanya, balaguron almara, a cikin gano karni, a cikin yakin 'yan adam. cikin zurfin teku, cikin nasara mai nasara cikin zurfin da ba a sani ba…
Annabin zurfafa
A cikin kuruciyarsa, Cousteau ya fuskanci wani firgici wanda ya canza rayuwarsa. A 1936, ya yi aiki a cikin jirgin ruwa na ruwa, ya kasance m na motoci da kuma high gudun. Sakamakon wannan abin sha'awa shine mafi bakin ciki ga saurayi: yana da mummunan hatsarin mota a cikin motar wasan motsa jiki na mahaifinsa, ya karbi ƙaura na vertebrae, yawancin raƙuman haƙarƙari, huhun huhun. Hannunsa sun shanye…
A can, a asibiti, a cikin mawuyacin hali, matashin Cousteau ya sami wani irin wayewa. Kamar dai yadda Gurdjieff, bayan raunin harsashi, ya fahimci rashin yarda da yin amfani da "karfi na musamman", don haka Cousteau, bayan kwarewar tseren da bai yi nasara ba, ya yanke shawarar "ya zo ya duba, don duba abubuwan bayyane daga sabon kusurwa. Tashi sama da bustle kuma ku kalli teku a karon farko…” Hatsarin ya sanya babban giciye mai kitse a kan aikin matukin jirgi na soja, amma ya ba duniya wani mai bincike da aka yi wahayi, har ma fiye da haka - wani nau'in annabin teku.
Ƙarfin ƙarfi na musamman da sha'awar rayuwa sun ba Cousteau damar murmurewa daga mummunan rauni kuma cikin ƙasa da shekara guda ya hau ƙafafunsa. Kuma tun daga wannan lokacin, an haɗa rayuwarsa ta gaba ɗaya, tare da abu ɗaya kawai - tare da teku. Kuma a cikin 1938 ya sadu da Philippe Tayet, wanda zai zama ubangidansa a cikin ruwa na kyauta (ba tare da kayan motsa jiki ba). Daga baya Cousteau ya tuna cewa duk rayuwarsa ta juya baya a lokacin, kuma ya yanke shawarar sadaukar da kansa gaba daya ga duniyar karkashin ruwa.
Cousteau yana so ya sake maimaitawa ga abokansa: idan kuna son cimma wani abu a rayuwa, kada ku watsar da ku, matsawa cikin hanya guda. Kada ku yi ƙoƙari sosai, yana da kyau a yi amfani da ƙoƙari na yau da kullum, ƙoƙari marar ƙarfi. Kuma wannan shi ne, watakila, ma'anar rayuwarsa. Ya ba da duk lokacinsa da ƙarfinsa don bincika zurfin teku - zuwa hatsi, zuwa digo, sanya komai akan katin ɗaya. Kuma kokarinsa ya zama mai tsarki da gaske a idon magoya bayansa.
A cewar masu zamani, ya mallaki wasiyyar annabi da kwarjinin dan juyi. Ya haskaka kuma ya yi mamakin girmansa, kamar shahararren Faransanci "Sun King" Louis XV. Sahabbai sun ɗauki Kyaftin ɗin su ba kawai mutum ba - mahaliccin "addini mai nutsewa" na gaske, almasihu na binciken ruwa. Wannan Almasihu, mutumin da ba na wannan duniya ba, mutum ne a kan ruwa, fiye da iyaka, da wuya ya yi waiwaya zuwa ƙasa - kawai lokacin da babu isassun kuɗi don aikin na gaba, kuma sai da waɗannan kudade suka bayyana. Ya zama kamar ba shi da sarari a duniya. Kyaftin na duniyar ya jagoranci mutanensa - masu nutsewa - zuwa zurfin teku.
Kuma ko da yake Cousteau ba ƙwararren mai nutsewa ba ne, kuma ba masanin teku ba ne, ko kuma ƙwararren darakta, amma ya yi rikodin rikodi tare da buɗe sabon shafi na nazarin teku. Shi ne Kyaftin mai babban birnin kasar C, shugaban canji, mai iya tura bil'adama a kan babban balaguro.
Babban burinsa (wanda Cousteau ya tafi duk rayuwarsa) shine faɗaɗa wayewar ɗan adam, kuma a ƙarshe ya mamaye sabbin wurare don mutane su rayu. wuraren karkashin ruwa. André Laban ya ce: “Ruwa ya cika kashi saba’in na duniyarmu, kuma akwai isasshen sarari ga dukan mutane.” A ƙasa, "akwai dokoki da ƙa'idodi da yawa, an narkar da 'yanci." A bayyane yake cewa Laban, yana furta waɗannan kalmomi, ya bayyana ba kawai matsala ta sirri ba, amma ra'ayin dukan tawagar, ra'ayin da ya ciyar da dukan Cousteau tawagar gaba.
Wannan shine yadda Cousteau ya fahimci abubuwan da ake fatan ci gaban Tekun Duniya: don faɗaɗa iyakokin mazaunin ɗan adam, gina biranen ƙarƙashin ruwa. Almarar kimiyya? Belyaev? Farfesa Challenger? Wataƙila. Ko wataƙila aikin da Cousteau ya ɗauka ba shi da kyau sosai. Bayan haka, ayyukansa masu ban sha'awa don nazarin yiwuwar zama na dogon lokaci a karkashin ruwa (da kuma kyakkyawan rayuwa a can) sun sami nasara tare da nasara. "Gidan karkashin ruwa", "Precontinent-1", "Precontinent-2", "Precontinent-3", "Homo aquaticus". An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a zurfin da ya kai mita 110. An ƙware haɗin gwiwar helium-oxygen, ainihin ka'idodin tallafi na rayuwa da lissafin yanayin lalata an yi aiki… Gaba ɗaya, an ƙirƙiri wani abin misali.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa gwaje-gwajen Cousteau ba wasu ra'ayi ne na hauka ba, marasa amfani. An kuma yi irin wannan gwaje-gwajen a wasu ƙasashe: a cikin Amurka, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Poland, da ƙasashen Turai.
Mutumin Amphibian
Cousteau bai taɓa tunanin zurfin ƙasa da mita 100 ba. Ba kawai ya jawo hankalinsa da ayyukan da ba za a iya kwatantawa ba a zurfin zurfin zurfin mita 10-40, inda za'a iya amfani da iska ko iskar oxygen-oxygen da aka matsa, wanda akasarin aikin karkashin ruwa ana aiwatar da shi a lokutan al'ada. Kamar dai ya tsira daga yakin duniya na biyu, yana jiran bala'i mai karfi a duniya, yana shirye-shiryen cewa dole ne ya yi zurfin zurfi na dogon lokaci… Amma wadannan hasashe ne kawai. A wancan lokacin, hukumomi sun ƙi ci gaba da bincike, ganin yadda suke kashe kuɗi.
Watakila sun tsorata da wasu ra'ayoyin "wasu waje", "masu kalubalantar" na Cousteau. Don haka, ya yi mafarkin ƙirƙira na musamman na huhu-cardiac automata wanda zai shigar da iskar oxygen kai tsaye a cikin jinin mutum. Wani ra'ayi na zamani. Gabaɗaya, Cousteau ya kasance a gefen aikin tiyata a jikin ɗan adam don daidaita shi don rayuwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Wato, na so a ƙarshe in ƙirƙiri "amphibian mafi girman ɗan adam" in zaunar da shi a cikin "duniya ta ruwa"…
Cousteau koyaushe yana sha'awar zurfin zurfin ba a matsayin ɗan halitta ko ɗan wasa ba, amma a matsayin majagaba na sabon hangen nesa na rayuwa. A cikin 1960, ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen tarihi (wanda kawai mutane suka yi!) nutsewar masanin teku na Swiss Farfesa Jacques Picard da Laftanar Navy na Amurka Donald Walsh a kan Trieste bathyscaphe a cikin zurfin da aka sani na teku ("Challenger). Deep") - Mariana Trench (zurfin 10 920 m). Farfesan ya zurfafa zurfin zurfin mita 3200, wani bangare na maimaitawa a cikin rayuwa ta gaske game da kasadar gwarzon mashahurin masanin kimiyya Conan Doyle, Farfesa Challenger mai rabin hauka daga littafin Maracot Abyss (1929). Cousteau ya ba da bincike a karkashin ruwa a kan wannan balaguron.
Amma ya kamata a fahimci cewa kamar yadda Picard da Walsh ba su nutse ba saboda suna, don haka jarumin "Argonauts" na Cousteau bai yi aiki ba don rikodin, sabanin wasu, bari mu ce, kwararru. Alal misali, Laban ya kira irin waɗannan ’yan wasa “mahaukaci.” Af, Laban, mai fasaha mai kyau, a ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya fara zana zane-zanensa na ruwa ... karkashin ruwa. Zai yiwu cewa mafarkin "Challenger" na Cousteau yana damunsa a yau.
Ecology Cousteau
Kamar yadda ka sani, “Baron ya shahara ba don ya tashi ko bai tashi ba, amma don ba ya karya”. Cousteau bai nutse ba don jin daɗi, don kallon kifin yana iyo tsakanin murjani, har ma don harba fim mai ban sha'awa. Ba tare da saninsa ba, ya jawo hankalin jama'a masu yawa (waɗanda ke da nisa sosai daga cin nasara kan iyakokin da aka sani) zuwa samfurin kafofin watsa labaru wanda yanzu ana sayar da shi a ƙarƙashin National Geographic da BBC brands. Cousteau ya kasance baƙon ra'ayi na ƙirƙirar hoto mai kyau kawai.
Odyssey Cousteau a yau
Babban jirgin ruwa Jacques-Yves, wanda ya yi masa hidima da aminci, ya nutse a tashar ruwa ta Singapore a shekara ta 1996, inda ya yi karo da wani jirgin ruwa da gangan. A wannan shekara, don girmama Cousteau shekara ɗari da haihuwa, matarsa ta biyu, Francine, ta yanke shawarar ba wa marigayin kyautar kyauta. Ta bayyana cewa nan da shekara guda za a mayar da jirgin zuwa ga cikar darajarsa. A halin yanzu, jirgin yana sake haifuwa, ana mayar da shi a tashar jiragen ruwa na Consarno (Brittany), da kuma yin amfani da kayan da ba su dace da muhalli na musamman (alal misali, za a yi amfani da kullun tare da hemp tow) - jirgin, bisa ga yanayin salon. , zai zama "kore"…
Zai yi kama da dalilin yin farin ciki da fatan "ƙafa shida a ƙarƙashin keel"? Koyaya, wannan labarin ya bar jin daɗi biyu: gidan yanar gizon Cousteau Team ya ce jirgin zai sake yin hawan shuɗi a matsayin jakadan fatan alheri kuma ya kula da yanayin muhalli a cikin tekuna bakwai. Amma akwai jita-jita cewa, a gaskiya, bayan maido da jirgin, Francine zai shirya wani gidan kayan gargajiya na Amurka a cikin Caribbean daga Calypso. Daidai irin wannan sakamakon ne Cousteau da kansa ya yi adawa da shi a cikin 1980, yana nuna matsayinsa a fili: “Na fi son in mamaye shi maimakon in mayar da shi gidan kayan gargajiya. Ba na son a sayar da wannan jirgin ruwa na almara, domin mutane su shiga cikin jirgin su yi fici a kan benaye. To, ba za mu shiga cikin fikinik ba. Ya isa mu tuna mafarkin Cousteau, wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali - wani mutum a cikin ruwa.
Fata, kamar yadda kullum, ga sabon ƙarni: ko kuma wajen, dan Jacques-Yves, wanda tun lokacin yaro ya kasance a ko'ina tare da mahaifinsa, ya raba soyayya ga teku da kuma karkashin ruwa kasada, iyo a karkashin ruwa a duk tekuna daga Alaska zuwa Cape. Horn, kuma lokacin da ya gano basirar mai zane a cikin kansa, ya fara tunani sosai game da gidaje da ma dukan biranen ... karkashin ruwa! Har ma ya dauki matakai da dama ta wannan hanyar. Gaskiya ne, ya zuwa yanzu Jean-Michel, wanda gemu ya riga ya zama launin toka, ko da yake idanunsa masu launin shuɗi suna ci gaba da ƙonewa kamar teku da wuta, ya zama rashin jin daɗi a cikin aikinsa na "sabon Atlantis". "Me yasa da son rai ke hana kanku hasken rana kuma ku dagula sadarwar mutane a tsakaninsu?" ya takaita yunkurin da ya yi na tsugunar da mutanen karkashin ruwa, wanda bai yi nasara ba.
Yanzu Jean-Michel, wanda ya ɗauki aikin mahaifinsa a hanyarsa, yana da hannu sosai a ayyukan muhalli, yana ƙoƙari ya ceci zurfin teku da mazaunansu daga mutuwa. Kuma aikinsa ba ya jinkiri. A wannan shekara, Cousteau ya cika shekaru 100 da haihuwa. Dangane da haka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana shekarar 2010 a matsayin shekarar rayayyun halittu ta duniya. A cewarta, a kan gab da bacewar duniya daga kashi 12 zuwa 52 cikin XNUMX na nau'in halittu da aka sani da kimiyya…