Identity

Identity (lat. identicus - m, iri ɗaya) - sanin mutum game da kasancewarsa ga wani matsayi na musamman na zamantakewa da na sirri a cikin tsarin matsayin zamantakewa da jihohi. Identity, daga mahangar tsarin zamantakewar zamantakewa (Erik Erickson), wani nau'i ne na jigon rayuwar kowane mutum. Yana ɗaukar siffa azaman ginin tunani a lokacin samartaka, kuma aikin mutum a cikin rayuwar balagagge mai zaman kansa ya dogara da halayen halayensa. Identity yana ƙayyade ikon mutum don haɗawa da kwarewar mutum da zamantakewa da kuma kula da amincinsa da kuma abin da ya dace a cikin duniyar waje don canzawa.

An kafa wannan tsarin a cikin tsarin haɗin kai da sake dawowa a matakin intrapsychic na sakamakon sakamakon magance rikice-rikice na psychosocial na asali, kowannensu ya dace da wani mataki na shekaru na ci gaban mutum. A cikin yanayin tabbataccen ƙuduri na wannan ko waccan rikicin, mutum yana samun takamaiman iko-ikon, wanda ba wai kawai ya ƙayyade ayyukan halayen mutum ba, har ma yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gabanta. In ba haka ba, wani nau'i na ƙaura ya taso - wani nau'i na «gudumawa» ga rikicewar ainihi.

Erik Erickson, yana bayyana ainihi, ya bayyana ta ta fuskoki da dama, wato:

• Keɓantawa shine sanetaccen ma'anar keɓantawar mutum da kasancewarsa daban.
• Identity da mutunci - ma'anar ainihin ciki, ci gaba tsakanin abin da mutum ya kasance a baya da abin da ya yi alkawarin zama a nan gaba; jin cewa rayuwa tana da daidaituwa da ma'ana.
• Haɗin kai da haɗin kai - ma'anar jituwa da haɗin kai na ciki, haɗin kai na hotuna da alamun yara a cikin cikakkiyar ma'ana, wanda ya haifar da ma'anar jituwa.
• Haɗin kai tsakanin al'umma ji ne na haɗin kai na ciki tare da manufofin al'umma da kuma rukuni a cikinta, jin cewa ainihin mutum yana da ma'ana ga mutanen da wannan mutumin (ƙungiyar tunani) ke mutuntawa kuma ya dace da tsammaninsu.

Erickson ya bambanta ra'ayoyi guda biyu masu dogaro da juna - ainihi ƙungiya da kuma son kai. An samo asali na rukuni saboda gaskiyar cewa daga ranar farko ta rayuwa, tarbiyyar yaro yana mai da hankali kan haɗa shi a cikin rukunin zamantakewa da aka ba da shi, don haɓaka ra'ayi na duniya a cikin wannan rukuni. Ƙimar son kai yana samuwa a cikin layi daya tare da ƙungiyar ƙungiya kuma yana haifar da yanayin kwanciyar hankali da ci gaba da Kansa, duk da canje-canjen da ke faruwa ga mutum a cikin tsarin girma da ci gabansa.

Samuwar girman kai ko, a wasu kalmomi, mutuncin mutuntaka yana ci gaba a tsawon rayuwar mutum kuma yana wucewa ta matakai masu yawa:

1. Mataki na farko na ci gaban mutum (daga haihuwa zuwa shekara). Rikici na asali: Amincewa da rashin amana. Ƙarfin girman kai na wannan mataki shine bege, kuma yuwuwar rabuwar ita ce rudani na ɗan lokaci.
2. Mataki na biyu na ci gaban mutum (shekara 1 zuwa shekaru 3). Rikici na asali: cin gashin kai vs. kunya da shakku. Matsakaicin ikon-iko shine nufin, kuma yuwuwar rabewa shine sanin kai na pathological.
3. Mataki na uku na ci gaban mutum (daga shekaru 3 zuwa 6). Rikici na asali: yunƙuri da laifi. Ƙarfin kuɗi mai yuwuwa shine ikon ganin burin da himma a gare shi, kuma yuwuwar ƙetare wani tsayayyen matsayi ne.
4. Mataki na hudu na ci gaban mutum (daga shekaru 6 zuwa 12). Rikici na asali: Ƙwarewa vs. Kasawa. Ƙarfin kuɗi mai yuwuwa shine amincewa, kuma yiwuwar yin watsi da shi shine tabarbarewar aiki.
5. Mataki na biyar na ci gaban mutum (daga shekaru 12 zuwa shekaru 21). Rikici na asali: Identity da Ruɗin Identity. Ƙarfin kuɗi mai yuwuwar gabaɗaya, kuma yuwuwar kawarwa ita ce gabaɗaya.
6. Mataki na shida na ci gaban mutum (daga shekaru 21 zuwa 25). Rikici na asali: kusanci da warewa. Ƙarfin kuɗi mai yuwuwa shine ƙauna, kuma yiwuwar ƙetare shi ne ƙi narcissistic.
7. Mataki na bakwai na ci gaban mutum (daga shekaru 25 zuwa 60). Rikicin asali: haɓakawa tare da tsayawa. Ƙarfin kuɗi mai yuwuwa yana kula, kuma yiwuwar rabewa shine mulkin kama-karya.
8. Mataki na takwas na ci gaban mutum (bayan shekaru 60). Rikicin Asali: Mutunci da Bacin rai. Ƙarfin kuɗi mai yuwuwa shine hikima, kuma yiwuwar rabewa shine yanke ƙauna.

Kowane mataki na zagayowar rayuwa yana da wani takamaiman aiki da al’umma ta gabatar. Al'umma kuma tana ƙayyade abubuwan ci gaba a matakai daban-daban na tsarin rayuwa. A cewar Erickson, maganin matsalar ya dogara ne ga matakin ci gaban da mutum ya riga ya samu da kuma yanayin ruhaniya na al'ummar da yake rayuwa a ciki.

Canji daga wannan nau'i na girman kai zuwa wani yana haifar da rikice-rikice na ainihi. Rikici, bisa ga Erickson, ba cutar ba ce, ba bayyanar cututtuka na neurotic ba, amma juya maki, "lokacin zabi tsakanin ci gaba da koma baya, hadewa da jinkiri."

Kamar yawancin masu bincike na ci gaban shekaru, Erickson ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga samartaka, wanda ke da matsala mafi girma. Yaranta yana zuwa ƙarshe. Ƙarshen wannan babban mataki na tafarkin rayuwa yana da alaƙa da samuwar nau'i na farko na girman kai. Layukan ci gaba guda uku suna haifar da wannan rikicin: saurin girma na jiki da balaga («juyin juya halin ilimin lissafi»); damuwa da "yadda nake kallon idanun wasu", "abin da nake"; bukatuwar neman sana'ar sana'a wacce ta dace da dabarun da aka samu, iyawar mutum da bukatun al'umma.

Babban rikicin ainihi yana faruwa akan samartaka. Sakamakon wannan mataki na ci gaba shine ko dai samun "labarai na manya" ko kuma jinkirin ci gaba, abin da ake kira ganewar asali.

Tazara tsakanin samartaka da girma, lokacin da matashi ke neman samun matsayinsa a cikin al'umma ta hanyar gwaji da kuskure, Erickson ya kira dakatarwar tunani. Tsananin wannan rikicin ya dogara ne da warware rikice-rikicen da suka gabata (aminci, yancin kai, ayyuka, da sauransu), da kuma ga yanayin ruhin al'umma gaba ɗaya. Rikicin da ba a warware shi ba yana haifar da yanayi na ainihi mai yaduwa, wanda ya zama tushen wani nau'i na musamman na samartaka. Erickson's Identity Pathology Syndrome:

• komawa zuwa matakin ƙananan yara da sha'awar jinkirta samun matsayi na girma idan dai zai yiwu;
• yanayin damuwa mara ma'ana amma mai tsayi;
• ji na keɓewa da wofi;
• kasancewa a cikin yanayin wani abu da zai iya canza rayuwa;
• Tsoron sadarwa na sirri da kuma rashin iya yin tasiri a tunanin mutum na kishiyar jinsi;
• ƙiyayya da raini ga duk wani matsayi na zamantakewa da aka sani, har ma da namiji da mace;
• raini ga duk abin da ke cikin gida da kuma zaɓi maras kyau ga duk abin da ke waje (a kan ka'idar "yana da kyau a inda ba mu ba"). A cikin matsanancin hali, akwai bincike don mummunan ainihi, sha'awar "zama kome" kamar yadda kawai hanyar tabbatar da kai.

Samun ainihi yana zama a yau aikin rayuwa mafi mahimmanci na kowane mutum kuma, ba shakka, ainihin aikin sana'a na masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam. Kafin tambayar "wane ni?" kai tsaye ya haifar da ƙididdige ayyukan zamantakewa na gargajiya. A yau, fiye da kowane lokaci, neman amsa yana buƙatar ƙarfin hali na musamman da hankali.