32,6% - kayan mai da mai. 30,0% - kwal. 23,7% - gas. Manyan ukun daga cikin hanyoyin samar da makamashi da ke baiwa bil'adama suna kama da haka. Taurari da kuma duniyar "kore" har yanzu suna da nisa kamar "galaxy mai nisa, mai nisa".
Tabbas akwai motsi zuwa madadin makamashi, amma yana da sannu a hankali har ana fatan samun nasara - ba tukuna ba. Mu yi gaskiya: nan da shekaru 50 masu zuwa, burbushin mai zai haskaka gidajenmu.
Haɓaka madadin makamashi yana tafiya sannu a hankali, kamar babban mutum tare da shingen Thames. A yau, an rubuta abubuwa da yawa game da tushen makamashin da ba na al'ada ba fiye da yadda aka yi don haɓakawa da aiwatar da su a rayuwar yau da kullun. Amma a cikin wannan jagorar akwai "mastodons" 3 da aka sani waɗanda ke jan sauran karusar a bayansu.
Ba a la'akari da makamashin nukiliya a nan, saboda ana iya tattauna batun ci gabansa da kuma amfanin ci gabansa na dogon lokaci.
A ƙasa za a sami alamun wutar lantarki na tashoshi, don haka, don nazarin dabi'un, za mu gabatar da maƙasudin farawa: tashar wutar lantarki mafi ƙarfi a duniya ita ce tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Kashiwazaki-Kariwa (Japan). Wanne yana da damar 8,2 GW.
Makamar iska: iska a cikin hidimar mutum
Asalin ka'idar makamashin iska shine jujjuya makamashin motsi na motsin iska zuwa thermal, inji ko makamashin lantarki.
Iska shine sakamakon bambancin yanayin iska a saman. Anan ana aiwatar da ka'idar gargajiya ta "tasoshin sadarwa", kawai akan sikelin duniya. Yi tunanin maki 2 - Moscow da St. Petersburg. Idan yanayin zafi a Moscow ya fi girma, to, iska tana zafi kuma ta tashi, yana barin ƙananan matsa lamba da rage yawan iska a cikin ƙananan yadudduka. A lokaci guda, akwai babban matsin lamba a St. Petersburg kuma akwai isasshen iska "daga ƙasa". Saboda haka, talakawa sun fara kwarara zuwa Moscow, saboda yanayi koyaushe yana ƙoƙari don daidaitawa. Ta haka ne magudanar iska ke samuwa, wanda ake kira iska.
Wannan motsi yana ɗaukar makamashi mai yawa, wanda injiniyoyi ke neman kamawa.
A yau, kashi 3% na makamashin da ake samarwa a duniya yana fitowa ne daga injin turbin iska, kuma ƙarfin yana ƙaruwa. A cikin 2016, ikon da aka girka na gonakin iskar ya zarce karfin tashoshin makamashin nukiliya. Amma akwai siffofi guda 2 waɗanda ke iyakance haɓakar hanyar:
1. Wutar da aka shigar shine mafi girman ƙarfin aiki. Kuma idan cibiyoyin makamashin nukiliya ke aiki a wannan matakin kusan kowane lokaci, da kyar tashoshin iskar ya kai ga irin wannan ma'ana. Ingancin irin waɗannan tashoshi shine 30-40%. Iskar ba ta da ƙarfi sosai, wanda ke iyakance aikace-aikacen akan sikelin masana'antu.
2. Sanya filayen iska yana da ma'ana a wuraren da ake yawan kwararar iska - ta wannan hanyar yana yiwuwa a tabbatar da iyakar yadda ya dace na shigarwa. Ƙaddamar da janareta yana da iyaka sosai.
Ƙarfin iska a yau ba za a iya la'akari da shi azaman ƙarin tushen makamashi tare da na dindindin ba, kamar tashar makamashin nukiliya da tashoshi masu amfani da man fetur mai ƙonewa.
Kamfanonin iska sun fara bayyana a Denmark - 'Yan Salibiyya ne suka kawo su. A yau, a cikin wannan ƙasa ta Scandinavia, kashi 42% na makamashi ana samar da su ta hanyar iska.
An kusan kammala aikin gina tsibirin wucin gadi mai nisan kilomita 100 daga gabar tekun Burtaniya. Za a ƙirƙiri wani sabon aiki mai mahimmanci a bankin Dogger - na kilomita 62 Za a girka injinan iskar gas da yawa wadanda za su rika isar da wutar lantarki zuwa babban yankin. Zai zama tashar iska mafi girma a duniya. A yau, wannan shine Gansu (China) mai karfin 5,16 GW. Wannan hadadden injin turbin iska ne, wanda ke girma kowace shekara. Alamar da aka tsara ita ce 20 GW.
Kuma kadan game da farashi.
Matsakaicin alamun farashi don samar da 1 kW na makamashi sune:
─ kwal 9-30 cents;
─ iska 2,5-5 cents.
Idan zai yiwu a magance matsalar tare da dogaro da wutar lantarki kuma ta haka ne za a iya haɓaka aikin gonakin iskar, to suna da babbar dama.
Hasken rana: injin yanayi - injin ɗan adam
Ka'idar samarwa ta dogara ne akan tarin da rarraba zafi daga hasken rana.
Yanzu rabon kamfanonin samar da hasken rana (SPP) a samar da makamashin duniya shine kashi 0,79%.
Wannan makamashi, da farko, yana hade da madadin makamashi - kyawawan filayen da aka rufe da manyan faranti tare da photocells ana zana su nan da nan a gaban idanunku. A aikace, ribar wannan shugabanci ba ta da yawa. Daga cikin matsalolin, mutum zai iya ware wani cin zarafi na tsarin zafin jiki a sama da tashar wutar lantarki, inda yawan iska ke zafi.
Akwai shirye-shiryen bunkasa makamashin hasken rana a kasashe sama da 80. Amma a mafi yawan lokuta muna magana ne game da tushen makamashi mai taimako, saboda matakin samar da ƙananan ƙananan.
Yana da mahimmanci a sanya wutar lantarki daidai, wanda aka tattara cikakkun taswirar hasken rana.
Ana amfani da mai tara hasken rana duka don dumama ruwa don dumama da samar da wutar lantarki. Kwayoyin photovoltaic suna samar da makamashi ta hanyar "ƙwaƙwalwar" photons a ƙarƙashin rinjayar hasken rana.
Jagora a fannin samar da makamashi a masana'antar wutar lantarki ta hasken rana ita ce kasar Sin, kuma ta fuskar samar da makamashi ga kowane mutum - Jamus.
Babban tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana yana kan gonar Topaz ta hasken rana, wacce ke California. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki 1,1 GW.
Akwai ci gaba don sanya masu tarawa cikin kewayawa da tattara makamashin hasken rana ba tare da rasa shi a cikin yanayi ba, amma har yanzu wannan shugabanci yana da cikas na fasaha da yawa.
Ikon ruwa: yin amfani da injin mafi girma a duniya
Hydropower jagora ne tsakanin madadin hanyoyin makamashi. Kashi 20% na makamashin da ake samarwa a duniya yana fitowa ne daga wutar lantarki. Kuma a cikin hanyoyin sabuntawa 88%.
Ana gina katafaren dam a wani yanki na kogin, wanda ya toshe tashar gaba daya. An samar da tafki daga sama, kuma bambancin tsayi a gefen dam ɗin zai iya kai ɗaruruwan mita. Ruwa yana wucewa cikin sauri ta cikin dam a wuraren da aka sanya injin turbin. Don haka makamashin motsin ruwa yana jujjuya janareto kuma yana haifar da samar da makamashi. Komai mai sauki ne.
Daga cikin minuses: babban yanki ya cika ambaliya, halittun halittu a cikin kogin sun damu.
Babban tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma ita ce Sanxia ("Gorge Uku") a kasar Sin. Yana da ƙarfin 22 GW, kasancewarsa mafi girma shuka a duniya.
Tashar wutar lantarki ta zama ruwan dare a duk duniya, kuma a Brazil suna samar da kashi 80% na makamashi. Wannan jagorar ita ce mafi alƙawarin a madadin makamashi kuma koyaushe yana haɓakawa.
Kananan koguna ba su da ikon samar da wutar lantarki mai yawa, don haka tashoshin wutar lantarki a kansu an tsara su don biyan bukatun gida.
Ana aiwatar da amfani da ruwa azaman tushen makamashi a cikin manyan ra'ayoyi da yawa:
1. Amfani da ruwa. Fasahar ta hanyoyi da dama tana kamanceceniya da tashar wutar lantarki ta gargajiya, inda kawai dam din ba ya toshe tashar, sai bakin teku. Ruwan teku yana yin sauyi a kullum a ƙarƙashin rinjayar sha'awar wata, wanda ke haifar da zagayawa da ruwa ta hanyar injin turbin na dam. An aiwatar da wannan fasaha a wasu ƙasashe kaɗan kawai.
2. Amfani da makamashin igiyar ruwa. Juyin yanayi na yau da kullun na ruwa a cikin buɗaɗɗen teku kuma yana iya zama tushen kuzari. Wannan ba wai kawai hanyar raƙuman ruwa ba ne ta hanyar injin turbin da aka sanya a tsaye, amma har ma da yin amfani da "floats": amma saman teku yana sanya jerin gwano na musamman, ciki har da ƙananan turbines. Waves suna jujjuya janareta kuma ana samar da wani adadin kuzari.
Gabaɗaya, a yau madadin makamashi ba zai iya zama tushen makamashi na duniya ba. Amma yana yiwuwa a samar da mafi yawan abubuwa da makamashi mai cin gashin kansa. Dangane da halaye na yanki, koyaushe zaka iya zaɓar mafi kyawun zaɓi.
Don 'yancin kai na makamashi na duniya, za a buƙaci wani sabon abu mai mahimmanci, kamar "ka'idar ether" na sanannen Serb.
Ba tare da lalata ba, yana da ban mamaki cewa a cikin 2000s, ɗan adam yana samar da makamashi ba da sauri ba fiye da locomotive da 'yan'uwan Lumiere suka ɗauka. A yau, batun albarkatun makamashi ya yi nisa a fagen siyasa da kudi, wanda ke ƙayyade tsarin samar da wutar lantarki. Idan mai ya kunna fitulun, to wani yana buƙatar shi…