Disaccharides

Disaccharides (disaccharides, oligosaccharides) rukuni ne na carbohydrates, kwayoyin halittarsu sun ƙunshi sukari guda biyu masu sauƙi waɗanda aka haɗa su cikin kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya ta hanyar haɗin glycosidic na wani tsari daban-daban. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na disaccharides za a iya wakilta kamar C₁₂Н₂₂О₁₁.

Dangane da tsarin kwayoyin halitta da kaddarorinsu na sinadarai, ana rarrabe raguwa da rashin raguwar disaccharide. Rage disaccharides sun haɗa da lactose, maltose, da cellobiose; disaccharides marasa ragewa sun haɗa da sucrose da trehalose.

Chemical Properties

Disugar su ne m crystalline abubuwa. Lu'ulu'u na abubuwa daban-daban suna launi daga fari zuwa launin ruwan kasa. Suna narke da kyau a cikin ruwa da barasa, suna da dandano mai dadi.

A lokacin halayen hydrolysis, haɗin gwiwar glycosidic sun karye, sakamakon haka disaccharides sun rushe cikin sauƙi guda biyu. A cikin tsarin juzu'i na hydrolysis, ƙwanƙwasa yana haɗa nau'ikan kwayoyin disaccharides da yawa cikin hadaddun carbohydrates - polysaccharides.

Lactose - madara sugar

An fassara kalmar "lactose" daga Latin a matsayin "sukari mai madara". Ana kiran wannan carbohydrate suna don haka ana samunsa da yawa a cikin kayan kiwo. Lactose shine polymer wanda ya ƙunshi kwayoyin monosaccharides guda biyu - glucose da galactose. Ba kamar sauran disaccharides ba, lactose ba hygroscopic bane. Samu wannan carbohydrate daga whey.

Range na aikace-aikace

Ana amfani da Lactose sosai a cikin masana'antar harhada magunguna. Saboda rashin hygroscopicity, ana amfani da shi don kerar magungunan masu ciwon sukari cikin sauƙi. Sauran carbohydrates, waɗanda suke hygroscopic, da sauri sun zama damshi kuma kayan aikin magani a cikin su yana raguwa da sauri.

Sugar madara a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwajen magunguna ana amfani dashi wajen kera kafofin watsa labarai na gina jiki don haɓaka al'adu daban-daban na ƙwayoyin cuta da fungi, misali, a cikin samar da penicillin.

Lactose isomerized a cikin Pharmaceuticals don samar da lactulose. Lactulose probiotic ne na halitta wanda ke daidaita motsin hanji idan akwai maƙarƙashiya, dysbacteriosis da sauran matsalolin narkewa.

Abubuwa masu amfani

Sugar madara shine abu mafi mahimmancin abinci mai gina jiki da filastik, mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban jituwa na haɓakar kwayoyin halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da jariri. Lactose shine matsakaicin sinadirai don haɓaka ƙwayoyin lactic acid a cikin hanji, wanda ke hana haɓakar matakai masu ɓarna a ciki.

Daga cikin kaddarorin masu amfani na lactose, ana iya bambanta cewa, tare da babban ƙarfin kuzari, ba a amfani da shi don samar da mai kuma baya ƙara matakin cholesterol a cikin jini.

Yiwuwar cutarwa

Lactose baya cutar da jikin mutum. Iyakar abin da ya hana yin amfani da samfuran da ke ɗauke da sukarin madara shine rashin haƙuri na lactose, wanda ke faruwa a cikin mutanen da ke da ƙarancin enzyme lactase, wanda ke lalata sukarin madara zuwa carbohydrates masu sauƙi. Rashin haƙuri na lactose shine sanadin raunin shaye-shayen kiwo ta mutane, galibi manya. Wannan Pathology yana bayyana kansa ta hanyar bayyanar cututtuka kamar:

• tashin zuciya da amai;
• gudawa;
• kumburin ciki;
• ciwon ciki;
• itching da rashes a kan fata;
• rashin lafiyan rhinitis;
• kumburi

Rashin haƙuri na lactose shine mafi yawan lokuta na ilimin lissafi, kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin lactase mai alaƙa da shekaru.

Maltose - sukari

Maltose, wanda ya ƙunshi ragowar glucose guda biyu, wani disaccharide ne da hatsi ke samarwa don gina kyallen jikin amfrayonsu. Ana samun ƙarancin maltose a cikin pollen da nectar na shuke-shuken furanni, da kuma cikin tumatir. Sugar malt kuma wasu kwayoyin halitta ne ke samar da su.

A cikin dabbobi da mutane, maltose yana samuwa ta hanyar rushewar polysaccharides - sitaci da glycogen - tare da taimakon enzyme maltase.

Babban aikin nazarin halittu na maltose shine samar da jiki da kayan makamashi.

Yiwuwar cutarwa

Ana nuna kaddarorin masu cutarwa ta maltose a cikin mutanen da ke da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta na maltase. Sakamakon haka, a cikin hanjin ɗan adam, lokacin cin abinci mai ɗauke da maltose, sitaci ko glycogen, samfuran da ba su da iskar oxygen suna taruwa, suna haifar da zawo mai tsanani. Ban da waɗannan abincin daga abinci ko shan shirye-shiryen enzyme tare da maltase yana taimakawa wajen daidaita bayyanar rashin haƙuri na maltose.

Sucrose - ciwon sukari

Sugar, wanda yake samuwa a cikin abincinmu na yau da kullum, duka a cikin tsari mai tsabta da kuma wani ɓangare na jita-jita daban-daban, shine sucrose. Ya ƙunshi glucose da ragowar fructose.

A cikin yanayi, ana samun sucrose a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa iri-iri: 'ya'yan itatuwa, berries, kayan lambu, da kuma a cikin sukari, daga inda aka fara hako shi. Rushewar sucrose yana farawa a cikin baki kuma yana ƙare a cikin hanji. Karkashin tasirin alpha-glucosidase, sukarin gwangwani yana rushewa zuwa glucose da fructose, waɗanda ke shiga cikin jini da sauri.

Abubuwa masu amfani

Amfanin sucrose a bayyane yake. A matsayin disaccharide na kowa a yanayi, sucrose yana aiki azaman tushen kuzari ga jiki. Saturating jini tare da glucose da fructose, sugar cane:

• yana tabbatar da aikin al'ada na kwakwalwa - babban mai amfani da makamashi;
• shine tushen makamashi don ƙwayar tsoka;
• yana ƙara ƙarfin jiki;
• yana ƙarfafa kira na serotonin, saboda abin da ya inganta yanayi, kasancewa wani abu na antidepressant;
• yana shiga cikin samar da dabarun (kuma ba kawai) ajiyar kitse ba;
• yana da tasiri mai tasiri a cikin metabolism na carbohydrate;
• yana goyan bayan aikin detoxification na hanta.

Ayyukan fa'ida na sucrose suna bayyana ne kawai lokacin da aka cinye shi a cikin iyakataccen adadi. An yi la'akari da mafi kyau duka don cinye 30-50 g na sukari a cikin abinci, abin sha ko a cikin tsaftataccen tsari.

Illa idan aka zage ta

Fiye da abincin yau da kullun yana cike da bayyanar cututtukan sucrose:

• cututtuka na endocrine (ciwon sukari, kiba);
• lalata enamel hakori da pathologies a kan tsarin musculoskeletal sakamakon cin zarafin metabolism na ma'adinai;
• sagging fata, kusoshi masu karye da gashi;
• tabarbarewar yanayin fata (rash, samuwar kuraje);
• kawar da rigakafi (mai tasiri immunosuppressant);
• rage aikin enzyme;
• ƙara yawan acidity na ruwan 'ya'yan itace na ciki;
• cin zarafin koda;
• hypercholesterolemia da triglyceridemia;
• hanzarin tsufa.

Tunda bitamin B suna da hannu sosai a cikin aiwatar da shayar da samfuran rushewar sucrose (glucose, fructose), yawan amfani da abinci mai daɗi yana cike da ƙarancin waɗannan bitamin. Rashin tsawon bitamin B yana da haɗari tare da cututtuka na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, pathologies na aikin neuropsychic.

A cikin yara, sha'awar kayan zaki yana haifar da karuwa a cikin ayyukan su har zuwa ci gaban hyperactivity syndrome, neurosis, irritability.

Cellobiose disaccharide

Cellobiose wani disaccharide ne wanda ya ƙunshi kwayoyin glucose guda biyu. Tsire-tsire ne ke samar da shi da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta. Cellobiosis ba shi da darajar nazarin halittu ga mutane: a cikin jikin mutum, wannan abu ba ya rushewa, amma wani fili ne na ballast. A cikin shuke-shuke, cellobiose yana yin aikin tsari, kamar yadda yake cikin kwayoyin cellulose.

Trehalose - sugar naman kaza

Trehalose ya ƙunshi kwayoyin glucose guda biyu. Ya ƙunshi mafi girma fungi (saboda haka sunansa na biyu - mycosis), algae, lichens, wasu tsutsotsi da kwari. An yi imani da cewa tarawar trehalose yana ɗaya daga cikin yanayi don ƙara juriya na sel zuwa desiccation. Ba ya shiga jikin mutum, duk da haka, yawan shan shi a cikin jini na iya haifar da maye.

Disaccharides suna yadu a cikin yanayi - a cikin kyallen takarda da sel na shuke-shuke, fungi, dabbobi, kwayoyin cuta. An haɗa su a cikin tsarin hadadden hadaddun kwayoyin halitta, kuma ana samun su a cikin jihar kyauta. Wasu daga cikinsu (lactose, sucrose) sune tushen makamashi don rayayyun halittu, wasu (cellobiose) suna yin aikin tsari.