Diaphragm shine muhimmiyar tsoka a cikin injiniyoyin numfashi.

Diaphragm tsoka ce mai ban sha'awa wacce ke ƙarƙashin huhu. Yana raba kogon ƙirji daga kogon ciki. A cikin siffar kubba, an yi masa alama da kubba biyu a dama da hagu. Suna da asymmetrical, dome diaphragmatic dama yana yawanci 1 zuwa 2 cm sama da kurbin hagu.

Diaphragm an yi shi ne da tsakiyar tendon, tsakiyar jijiya na diaphragm ko cibiyar phrenic. A gefe, zaruruwan tsoka suna haɗuwa a matakin sternum, haƙarƙari da kashin baya.

Yana da kofofi na halitta waɗanda ke ba da izinin wucewar gabobi ko tasoshin daga wannan rami zuwa wancan. Wannan shi ne yanayin, misali, tare da esophageal, aortic ko ƙananan vena cava orifices. Jijiyoyin phrenic ne ke shigar da shi wanda ke haifar da tari.

Diaphragm shine babban tsokar numfashi. Haɗe da tsokoki na intercostal, yana tabbatar da injiniyoyi na numfashi ta hanyar canza motsin wahayi da ƙarewa.

A kan wahayi, diaphragm da tsokoki na intercostal suna haɗuwa. Yayin da yake yin kwangila, diaphragm yana raguwa kuma yana ɓata. Karkashin aikin tsokoki na intercostal, haƙarƙarin suna hawa sama wanda ke ɗaga kashin haƙarƙari kuma yana tura sternum gaba. Sannan thorax yana ƙara girma, matsa lamba na ciki yana raguwa wanda ke haifar da kira ga iska. Sakamakon: iska ta shiga cikin huhu.

Mitar ƙanƙanwar diaphragm yana bayyana ƙimar numfashi.

A kan numfashi, diaphragm da tsokoki na intercostal suna shakatawa, yana haifar da haƙarƙarin saukowa yayin da diaphragm ya tashi zuwa matsayinsa na asali. A hankali, kejin haƙarƙarin yana raguwa, ƙarar sa yana raguwa wanda ke ƙara matsi na ciki. A sakamakon haka, huhu ya ja da baya kuma iska ta fita daga gare su.

hiccups : yana bayyana maye gurbi na rashin son rai da maimaita spasmodic contractions na diaphragm da ke hade da rufe glottis kuma sau da yawa raguwar tsokoki na intercostal. Wannan reflex yana faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma ba tare da kulawa ba. Yana haifar da jerin halayen halayen sonic "hics". Za mu iya bambance abin da ake kira benign hiccups wanda ba zai wuce ƴan daƙiƙa ko mintuna ba, da kuma na yau da kullum hiccups, mafi wuya, wanda zai iya wucewa daga sa'o'i da yawa zuwa kwanaki da yawa kuma wanda ke shafar mutane fiye da shekaru 50.

Rushewar bayan rauni : fashewar diaphragm wanda ke faruwa biyo bayan raunin da ya faru a ƙoshi, ko raunuka ta harsashi ko makamai masu fashewa. Rushewar yawanci yana faruwa ne a matakin kubbar hagu, kubbar dama hanta ta boye wani bangare.

Transdiaphragmatic hernia : Hawan gabbai a cikin ciki (ciki, hanta, hanji) ta hanyar bango a cikin diaphragm. Harshen hernia na iya zama na haihuwa, ramin da gaɓoɓin ƙaura ke wucewa shine rashin lafiyar da ke faruwa tun daga haihuwa. Hakanan za'a iya samun shi, ramin shine sakamakon tasiri a lokacin hatsarin hanya misali; A wannan yanayin muna magana game da aukuwar diaphragmatic. Wani yanayi ne da ba kasafai yake shafar kusan daya cikin jarirai 4000 ba.

Hawan dome diaphragmatic : Kubba na dama yawanci yana 1 zuwa 2 cm sama da kurbin hagu. Akwai "tsawon kubba na dama" lokacin da nisa ya wuce 2 cm daga kubban hagu. Ana duba wannan nisa akan hoton X-ray da aka ɗauka cikin zurfafa tunani. Muna magana game da "ɗaukakin kubba na hagu" idan ya fi tsayi fiye da dama ko kuma kawai a daidai matakin. Yana iya yin la'akari da ilimin cututtuka na karin-diaphragmatic (cututtukan iska ko embolism na huhu alal misali) ko ilimin cututtuka na diaphragmatic (cututtukan cututtuka na jijiyar phrenic ko hemiplegia misali) (5).

marurai : suna da wuya sosai. Mafi sau da yawa wadannan su ne m ciwace-ciwacen daji (lipomas, angio da neurofibromas, fibrocytomas). A cikin ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta (sarcomas da fibrosarcomas), sau da yawa akan sami matsala tare da zubar da jini.

Jiyya pathologies : Duk wani lalacewa ga tsarin da ke tsakanin kwakwalwa da diaphragm zai iya haifar da sakamako akan aikinsa (6).

Misali, ciwo na Guillain-Barré (7) cuta ce mai kumburi da ke kai hari ga tsarin juyayi na gefe, a wasu kalmomi jijiyoyi. Yana bayyana kansa ta raunin tsoka wanda zai iya zuwa har zuwa gurgujewa. A cikin yanayin diaphragm, jijiyar phrenic yana shafar kuma yana bayyana damuwa na numfashi. Karkashin jiyya, yawancin mutanen da abin ya shafa (75%) sun dawo da karfin jikinsu.

Amyotrophic a kaikaice sclerosis, ko cutar Charcot, cuta ce ta neurodegenerative da ke nuna ci gaba da gurguwar tsoka ta hanyar lalacewa na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke aika umarni don motsi zuwa tsokoki. Yayin da cutar ta ci gaba, zai iya rinjayar tsokoki da ake bukata don numfashi. Bayan shekaru 3 zuwa 5, cutar Charcot na iya haifar da gazawar numfashi wanda zai haifar da mutuwa.

Hiccups kawai zai iya zama batun ƴan matakan. Yana da wahala a hana bayyanarsa wanda bazuwar bazuwar, amma zamu iya ƙoƙarin rage haɗarin ta hanyar guje wa cin abinci da sauri, da kuma yawan shan taba, barasa ko abubuwan sha na carbonated, yanayi masu damuwa ko canje-canje na zafin jiki.

Diaphragm yana da wuyar nazari akan hoto (8). Duban dan tayi, CT da / ko MRI sau da yawa ƙari ga daidaitaccen radiyo don tabbatarwa da kuma daidaita ƙwayar cuta.

Radiography: dabarar hoton likita da ke amfani da hasken X-ray. Wannan jarrabawar ba ta da zafi. Ba a iya ganin diaphragm kai tsaye a kan x-ray na ƙirji, amma ana iya gano matsayinsa ta hanyar layin da ke nuna alamar hanta-hanta a hannun dama, huhu-ciki-sabon a hagu (5).

Duban dan tayi: fasahar hoto na likita dangane da yin amfani da duban dan tayi, raƙuman sauti mara sauti, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a “gani” cikin jiki.

MRI (hoton maganadisu na maganadisu): gwajin likita don dalilai na bincike da aka yi ta amfani da babban na'urar silindi wanda aka samar da filin maganadisu da raƙuman radiyo don samar da ingantattun hotuna, a cikin 2D ko 3D, na sassan jiki ko gabobin ciki (a nan). diaphragm).

Scanner: dabarar hoto mai gano cuta wacce ta ƙunshi ƙirƙirar hotunan sashe na wani sashe na jiki, ta amfani da katako na X-ray. Kalmar “Scanner” a haƙiƙanin sunan na’urar ne, amma mu kan yi amfani da ita wajen yin nuni ga jarrabawa (computed tomography ko CT scan).

A cikin jikin mutum, ana amfani da kalmar diaphragm don nufin iris na ido. Iris yana sarrafa adadin hasken da ke shiga ido. Wannan aikin ya cancanci a kwatanta shi da diaphragm na kamara.