Gilashi mai launin shuɗi da fari na madarar da aka ƙulla yana da alaƙa da yawancin tare da Tarayyar Soviet, kuma wasu sun yi imanin cewa an haifi wannan samfurin a wannan lokacin. A zahiri, sunaye da ƙasashe da yawa waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga wannan samfurin suna cikin tarihin fitowar madarar madara.
Don faranta ran mai nasara
Mafi mashahuri sigar tsakanin magoya bayan madarar da aka ƙulla tana bayyana marubucin haihuwar wannan kayan zaki mara ma'ana ga ɗan ƙamshin Faransa da mai siyar da giya Nicolas Francois Apper.
A farkon karni na 19, ya shahara da gwaje-gwajensa game da abinci, yayin da Napoleon yake so ya inganta dakin girki ga sojojinsa ta yadda abinci kan kamfen zai dade kamar yadda ya kamata, ya kasance mai gina jiki da sabo.
Babban masanin kuma mai nasara ya ba da sanarwar gasa don mafi kyawun tanadin abinci, yana mai ba da babbar kyauta ga wanda ya yi nasara.
Nicolas Apper ya sanya madara a kan buɗaɗɗen wuta, sannan kuma ya adana shi a cikin kwalaben gilashi mai ƙwanƙwasa, ya rufe su sannan ya ɗora su a cikin ruwan zãfi na tsawon awanni 2. Ya zama mai daɗin mai daɗi, kuma saboda wannan ne Napoleon ya ba Upper kyauta da lambar zinare, gami da taken girmamawa "Mai Amfani da 'Yan Adam".
A kan irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ne rikice-rikicen masana kimiyya na wancan lokacin suka ingiza shi. Wani Ba'amurke Needham ya yi amannar cewa ƙwayoyin cuta suna fitowa daga abu mara rai, kuma Spallanzani na Italiyanci ya ƙi yarda, yana gaskanta cewa kowane microbe yana da nasa zuriya.
Bayan ɗan lokaci, mai dafa irin kek ya fara siyar da abubuwan da ya ƙirƙira a cikin shagon “Abinci iri -iri a cikin kwalabe da kwalaye”, yana ci gaba da gwaji da abinci da adana su, kuma ya rubuta littafin “Fasahar adana kayan shuka da na dabbobi na dogon lokaci. lokaci. ” Daga cikin abubuwan da ya ƙirƙira akwai cutlet ɗin ƙirjin kaji da cubes na bouillon.
Miliyan Boden na Milk
Labarin fitowar madara mai ƙwai ba a nan ya ƙare ba. Baturen Ingilishi Peter Durand ya mallaki hanyar Alpert don adana madara kuma ya fara amfani da gwangwani a matsayin kwantena a cikin 1810. Kuma 'yan uwansa Melbeck da Underwood a 1826 da 1828, ba tare da cewa uffan ba, sun gabatar da ra'ayin kara sukari a madara.
Kuma a cikin 1850, masanin masana'antu Gail Boden, yana tafiya zuwa baje kolin kasuwanci a Landan, inda aka gayyace shi tare da ƙwarewar gwajinsa na ɗanyen nama, ya lura da hoton gubar yara da nonon shanu na dabbobi marasa lafiya. An dauki shanun a cikin jirgin don samun sabon kayan a hannu, amma wannan ya rikide ya zama bala'i - yara da yawa sun mutu saboda maye. Boden ya yi wa kansa alkawarin ƙirƙirar madarar gwangwani kuma a dawowarsa gida ya fara gwaje-gwajensa.
Ya kwashe madara zuwa yanayin foda, amma ba zai iya guje wa manna shi a bangon jita-jita ba. Tunanin ya fito ne daga wani bawan - wani ya shawarci Boden da ya shafawa ɓangarorin tukwane da mai. Don haka, a cikin 1850, bayan dogon tafasa, madarar ta tafasa ta zama ruwan kasa mai kauri, wanda ke da dandano mai daɗi kuma bai daɗe da lalacewa ba. Don mafi kyawun ɗanɗano da rayuwar rayuwa mai tsawo, Boden ya fara ƙara sukari zuwa madara a kan lokaci.
A cikin 1856, ya ba da izinin samar da madara mai ƙwanƙwasa kuma ya gina masana'anta don samar da ita, daga ƙarshe ya faɗaɗa kasuwancin kuma ya zama miliyoniya.
Gilashin Argentina
'Yan kasar Argentina sun yi imanin cewa kirkirar madarar madara kwatsam a lardin Buenos Aires, shekaru 30 kafin takaddun Amurka dan kasuwa.
A cikin 1829, a yayin bikin sulhu a yakin basasa, Janars Lavagier da Roses, wadanda suka yi fada a tsakaninsu a baya, sun yi wani biki. A cikin hayaniya da hargitsi, bawan ya manta madarar da yake tafasa a cikin gwangwani - kuma gwangwani ya fashe. Daya daga cikin hafsoshin sojojin ya dandana molasses mai kauri kuma yayi mamakin dandano mai dadi. Don haka hafsoshin sojojin suka hanzarta fahimtar yiwuwar nasarar sabon samfurin, an yi amfani da abokan hulɗa masu tasiri, da madara mai natsuwa da ƙarfin gwiwa don samarwa kuma suka fara jin daɗin nasarar tsakanin incrediblean Argentina.
'Yan Kolombiya suna jan bargon a kansu, suna danganta kirkirar madara mai tattare da mutanensu,' yan kasar ta Chile kuma suna ganin cancantar fitowar madarar da ta zama tasu.
Sankakke madara ga mutane
A yankinmu, da farko, madarar da aka tara ba ta da matukar buƙata, masana'antar da aka buɗe musamman don samar da ita an ƙone ta kuma rufe.
A lokacin yakin, alal misali, a yakin duniya na farko, masana'antun kayan marmari sun jure da bukatun sojoji, da kuma masu binciken polar da kuma mahalarta cikin dogon balaguro, tare da madarar gwangwani, don haka babu wata bukata da kayan aiki a wani samfuran daban .
Tunda madara mai ƙamshi ta kasance mai daɗi kuma tana ba da ƙarfi, ana yaba ta musamman a lokacin yunwa bayan yaƙi, amma ba shi yiwuwa kuma yana da tsada a same shi; a zamanin Soviet, ana ɗaukar gwangwani na madara mai kyau a matsayin abin marmari.
Bayan yakin, an fara samar da madara mai dunkulewa cikin manya-manya; ma'auni GOST 2903-78 an haɓaka don shi.
Kamfanin samar da madara na farko a Turai ya bayyana a 1866 a Switzerland. Ruwan madara na Switzerland shine mafi shahara a cikin Turai kuma har ma ya zama "katin kira".
A hanyar, an yi amfani da madarar madara a matsayin madarar madara don ciyar da jarirai. Abin farin, ba da dadewa ba, tunda ba zata iya gamsar da dukkan abubuwan gina jiki da bitamin na jikin mai girma ba.
Madara-tafasasshen madara
A lokacin yakin Soviet bayan yakin, ba a wanzu dafafaffen madara, kuma kamar yadda yawanci yake, akwai nau'ikan da dama na asalin wannan kayan zaki biyu.
Ofayansu ya ce Commissar Mikoyan na Jama'a kansa ya yi gwaji da madara mai narkewa, sau ɗaya yana tafasa tulu a ruwa. Can na iya fashewa, amma an yaba da ruwan duhu mai duhu wanda ya bazu ko'ina cikin ɗakin girkin.
Mafi yawansu sun gaskata cewa dafaffen madarar da aka dafa a fili ya bayyana a gaba, inda sojoji suka dafa ruwan madara a cikin kayan kwalliya don canji.
Can
Kirkirar gwangwani gwanin ban sha'awa kamar fitowar madarar gwangwani.
Gilashin na iya komawa zuwa 1810-masanin Ingilishi Peter Durand ya ba wa duniya ra'ayinsa don maye gurbin gilashin gilashin da ke cike da kakin zuma da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin. Gwangwani na farko, duk da cewa sun fi dacewa, mafi sauƙi kuma abin dogaro fiye da gilashi mai rauni, har yanzu suna da ƙirar mara kyau da murfi mara dacewa.
An buɗe wannan murfin ne kawai tare da taimakon kayan aikin da aka inganta - matashi ko guduma, wanda, ba shakka, zai yiwu ne kawai ga maza, sabili da haka ba a amfani da abincin gwangwani a cikin rayuwar gida, amma dama ce ta yawo mai nisa, misali , masu jirgin ruwa.
Tun daga 1819, Amurkawa masu kasuwanci sun fara samar da kifin gwangwani da 'ya'yan itace, don maye gurbin manyan gwangwani na hannu ta ƙaramin ƙaramin masana'anta-ya dace kuma mai araha, kiyayewa ya fara zama abin nema tsakanin jama'a. Kuma a cikin 1860, an ƙirƙiri mabudin buɗewa a Amurka, wanda ya ƙara sauƙaƙa aikin buɗe gwangwani.
A cikin 40s, gwangwani sun fara rufewa da kwano, kuma gwangwani na aluminium sun bayyana a cikin 57. Gilashin "Condensed" tare da damar 325 ml na samfurin har yanzu shine asalin akwati na wannan samfur mai daɗi.
Abin da ya kamata a takaice madara
Har ya zuwa yanzu, ka'idojin samar da madarar nono ba su canza ba. Ya kamata ya ƙunshi dukan madarar saniya da sukari. Duk sauran samfuran tare da haɗakar kitse, abubuwan kiyayewa da ƙari na kamshi galibi ana rarraba su azaman samfuran kiwo da aka haɗa.