Bari mu fara ambaton cewa cocaine (da amphetamines) an rarrabe su tsakanin wakilan da aka ce sune tsakiya m tsarin stimulants. Yayin da yawancin bayanan da aka gabatar anan kuma ya shafi dogaro da barasa da wasu magunguna, akwai wasu shaidu da suka shafi musamman ga wannan dangin sunadarai.

Muna magana ne game da amfani da kayan maye lokacin da mai amfani ya kasa cika ayyukansa a wurin aiki, a makaranta ko a gida. Ko kuma yana amfani da kayan duk da haɗarin jiki, matsalolin doka, ko kuma yana haifar da matsalolin zamantakewa ko na mutane.

Dogaro yana da halin haƙuri, wato yawan samfur da ake buƙata don samun sakamako iri ɗaya yana ƙaruwa; alamun cirewa yayin dakatar da amfani, haɓakawa cikin adadin da yawan amfani. Mai amfani yana ba da lokacinsa mai yawa ga ayyukan da suka danganci amfani, kuma yana ci gaba duk da manyan sakamako mara kyau.

Addiction shine aikin neman tilastawa don cinye abu ba tare da la'akari da mummunan sakamako ba (zamantakewa, tunani da ilimin lissafi) na wannan amfani. Da alama jaraba tana haɓaka lokacin da maimaita amfani da abu yana canza wasu neurons (ƙwayoyin jijiya) a cikin kwakwalwa. Mun san cewa neurons suna sakin neurotransmitters (sunadarai daban -daban) don sadarwa da juna; kowane neuron na iya saki da karɓar masu watsawa (ta hanyar masu karɓa). An yi imanin cewa waɗannan abubuwan motsa jiki suna haifar da canjin yanayin wasu masu karɓa a cikin neurons, don haka yana shafar aikin su gaba ɗaya. Waɗannan ba za su taɓa murmurewa gaba ɗaya ba, koda lokacin daina amfani. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin juyayi na tsakiya (gami da hodar iblis) yana ƙaruwa matakan masu neurotransmitters uku a cikin kwakwalwa: Dopamine norepinephrine da serotonin.

Dopamine. Yawanci neurons ne ke sakin shi don kunna gamsuwa da lada. Dopamine da alama shine babban neurotransmitter da ke da alaƙa da matsalar jaraba, saboda ba a sake haifar da jujjuyawar gamsuwa a cikin kwakwalwa a cikin masu amfani da hodar iblis.

Norépinephrine. Yawanci an sake shi don mayar da martani ga danniya, yana haifar da bugun zuciya, hauhawar jini ya tashi, da sauran alamomin hauhawar jini. Batun ya sami karuwar ayyukan motsa jiki, tare da ɗan girgiza ƙasa.

serotonin. Serotonin yana taimakawa daidaita yanayin, ci da bacci. Yana da aikin kwantar da hankali a jiki.

Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa magungunan maye suna canza aikin kwakwalwa ta hanyar da ke ci gaba bayan mutum ya daina amfani da shi. Matsalolin lafiya, zamantakewa da aiki waɗanda galibi ke bi da cin zarafin waɗannan abubuwan ba lallai ne su ƙare ba idan an daina amfani da su. Masana na ganin shaye -shaye a matsayin matsala mai dorewa. Cocaine ya zama magani tare da mafi girman haɗarin jaraba, saboda tasirin euphoric mai ƙarfi da saurin aiwatarwa.

Asalin hodar iblis

Ganyen Sunan mahaifi Erythroxyloncoca, wani tsiro na asalin ƙasar Peru da Bolivia, jama'ar Amurkawa sun tauna shi kuma ta conquistadors wanda ya yaba da tasirin sa. Wannan shuka kuma ya taimaka rage jin yunwa da ƙishirwa. Bai kasance ba har tsakiyar XIX^e karni cewa an fitar da hodar iblis mai tsabta daga wannan shuka. A wancan lokacin, likitoci sun yi amfani da shi azaman kayan tonic a cikin magunguna da yawa. Ba a san illar cutarwa ba. Thomas Edison da Sigmund Freud shahararrun masu amfani ne. Kasancewarsa azaman kayan abinci a cikin abin sha na "coca-cola" na asali tabbas shine mafi sanannun (an keɓe abin sha har tsawon shekaru).

Siffofin hodar iblis

Mutanen da ke cin zarafin hodar iblis suna amfani da shi a cikin ɗayan nau'ikan nau'ikan sinadarai biyu masu zuwa: hydrochloride cocaine da fashewa (kyauta kyauta). Cocaine hydrochloride farin foda ne wanda za a iya huda, hayaƙi, ko narkar da shi cikin ruwa sannan a yi masa allura. Ana samun Crack ta hanyar canza sinadarin cocaine hydrochloride don samun manna mai ƙarfi da za a iya sha.

Yaduwar yawan jaraba

Cibiyar Kula da Miyagun Kwayoyi ta Amurka (NIDA) ta ce adadin masu hodar Iblis da masu fasa bututun mai ya ragu a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata¹. Yawan shan maganin hodar iblis shine babban abin da ke haifar da shigar da magunguna a asibitoci a Amurka da Turai. Dangane da bayanan binciken Kanada, yawan amfani da hodar iblis tsakanin yawan Kanada a 1997 ya kasance 0,7%², ƙimar da ta yi daidai da ta Amurka. Wannan raguwa ne daga kashi 3% a cikin 1985, wanda shine matsakaicin adadin da aka ruwaito. Dangane da waɗannan binciken guda ɗaya, maza suna iya yin rahoton yin amfani da hodar Iblis fiye da mata.