Autism: menene?
Autism yana ɗaya daga cikin rukuni na rikice -rikicen ci gaba (TED), wanda ke bayyana a farkon ƙuruciya, yawanci kafin shekarun 3. Ko da yake alamu da tsananin sun bambanta, duk waɗannan rikice -rikice suna shafar ikon yaro ko babba zuwa sadarwa da hulda da wasu.
Mafi yawan TEDs sune:
- Autism
- Ciwon Asperger
- Ciwon Rett
- TEDs da ba a tantance ba (TED-NS)
- Cututtuka masu rarrabuwa na ƙuruciya
Sabuwar rarrabuwa ga PDDs A cikin bugu na gaba (wanda za a buga a 2013) na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), American Psychiatric Association (APA) ya ba da shawarar haɗa kan dukkan nau'ikan autism a cikin rukuni ɗaya da ake kira “rikicewar bakance. ”. Sauran cututtukan da aka gano har yanzu an rarrabe su daban, kamar ciwon Asperger, raunin ci gaban da ba a kayyade ba da kuma ɓarkewar ɓarkewar yara, ba za a ƙara ɗaukar su azaman takamaiman cututtukan ba amma a matsayin bambance -bambancen autism.16. A cewar APA, sabbin ka'idojin da aka gabatar za su haifar da ingantattun bincike da taimakawa likitoci bayar da ingantattun magunguna. Wasu likitocin sun ce wannan sabon rarrabuwa na iya ware mutanen da ke da ƙarancin cuta kamar ciwon Asperger13 sannan ta hana su samun damar shiga ayyukan zamantakewa, likita da ilimi waɗanda ke da amfani a gare su. Inshorar lafiya da shirye -shiryen jama'a galibi sun dogara ne akan ma'anar cututtukan da ƙungiyar masu tabin hankali ta Amurka (APA) ta kafa. A Faransa, Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya-bugu na 10 (CIM-10) azaman rarrabuwa.17. |
Sanadin autism
An ce autism cuta ce ta ci gaba wanda har yanzu ba a san ainihin musabbabin sa ba. Masu bincike sun yarda cewa abubuwa da yawa suna asalin PDDs, gami da kwayoyin abubuwa et muhalli, yana tasiri ga ci gaban kwakwalwa kafin haihuwa da bayan haihuwa.
Mutane da yawa Genoa zai shiga cikin farkon autism a cikin yaro. Ana tsammanin waɗannan suna taka rawa wajen haɓaka kwakwalwar tayi. Wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da tsinkayen kwayoyin halitta na iya kara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar autism ko PDD.
Abubuwan muhalli, kamar bayyanar da abubuwa masu guba kafin ko bayan haihuwa, rikitarwa yayin haihuwa ko kamuwa da cuta kafin haihuwa ma na iya shiga. Ala kulli hal, tarbiyya ko halayyar iyaye ga yaron yana da alhakin autism.
A cikin 1998, binciken Burtaniya1 ya danganta hanyar haɗi tsakanin autism da fallasa wasu alluran rigakafi, musamman maganin game da kyanda, rubella da mumps (MMR a Faransa, MMR a Quebec). Koyaya, bincike da yawa daga baya ya nuna cewa babu wata alaƙa tsakanin allurar rigakafi da autism² Babban mawallafin binciken yanzu ana zargin zamba. (Dubi daftarin aiki akan gidan yanar gizon Fasfo na Lafiya: Autism da allurar rigakafi: tarihin jayayya)
Abubuwan haɗin gwiwa
Yawancin yara da ke da autism suma suna fama da wasu cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki6, kamar :
- Cutar farfadiya (tana shafar kashi 20 zuwa 25 cikin ɗari na yaran da ke da cutar ta Autism18)
- Raunin hankali (wanda aka kiyasta zai shafi kusan 30% na yara masu PDD19).
- Bourneville tuberous sclerosis (har zuwa 3,8% na yara da autism20).
- Fragile X syndrome (har zuwa 8,1% na yaran da ke da autism20).
Mutanen da ke da autism wani lokacin suna da:
- Matsalolin barci (bacci ko bacci).
- Matsaloli na ciki ko rashin lafiyan.
- amfanin rikice rikice wanda ke farawa a ƙuruciya ko ƙuruciya. Waɗannan suma na iya haifar da rashin sani, girgizawa, wato girgizawar jiki gaba ɗaya ko motsin da ba a saba gani ba.
- Matsalolin tabin hankali kamartashin hankali (sosai a yanzu kuma yana da alaƙa da wahalar daidaitawa ga canje -canje, ko mai kyau ko mara kyau), phobias da ciki.
- amfanin rashin fahimta (rikicewar hankali, rikicewar aikin zartarwa, rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da sauransu)
Rayuwa tare da yaro tare da autism yana kawo canje -canje da yawa a cikin tsarin rayuwar iyali. Iyaye da 'yan uwan dole ne su fuskanci wannan cutar da sabuwar ƙungiyar ta rayuwar yau da kullun, wanda ba koyaushe yake da sauƙi ba. Duk wannan na iya haifar da abubuwa da yawa danniya ga dukan gidan.
Tsarin jima'i
Kimanin 6 zuwa 7 a cikin mutane 1000 suna da PDD a cikin waɗanda ke ƙasa da 20, ko ɗaya cikin yara 150. Autism yana shafar yara 2 cikin 20 a ƙasa da 1000. thirdaya daga cikin uku na yaran da ke tare da PDD suna tare da abokin haɗin gwiwa. (Bayanai na 2009 daga Haute Autorité de Santé - HAS, Faransa)
A Quebec, PDDs suna shafar kusan yara 56 da suka isa makaranta daga cikin 10, ko 000 a cikin yara 1. (178-2007 bayanai, Fédération québécoise de l'Autisme)
Inaya daga cikin yara 110 a Amurka yana da nakasar tabin hankali2.
Tsawon shekaru 20 da suka gabata, yawan larurar autism ta ƙaru da ban mamaki kuma yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi sani da nakasa a makarantu. Ingantattun ƙa'idodin bincike, ƙara fahimtar yara da ke tare da PDD, gami da sanin kwararru da yawan jama'a sun ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar yaduwar PDDs a duk faɗin duniya.
Binciken autism
Kodayake alamun autism galibi suna bayyana kusan shekarun watanni 18, bayyananniyar ganewar asali wani lokaci ba zai yiwu ba har sai shekarun su 3 shekaru, lokacin da aka samu jinkiri a harshe, ci gaba da mu'amalar zamantakewa sun fi bayyana. Da farko an gano yaron, da jimawa za mu iya shiga tsakani.
Don yin bincike na PDD, dole ne a lura da abubuwa daban -daban a cikin halayen yaron, ƙwarewar harshe da hulɗar zamantakewa. Ana gano ganewar PDD bayan wani binciken bangarori daban -daban. Gwaje -gwaje da gwaje -gwaje da yawa sun zama dole.
A Arewacin Amurka, kayan aikin tantancewar da aka saba shine Jagorar Bincike da ƙididdiga na Rashin hankali (DSM-IV) da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amurka ta buga. A Turai da sauran wurare a duniya, ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya gabaɗaya suna amfani da Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya (ICD-10).
A Faransa, akwai Cibiyoyin Albarkatun Autism (ARCs) waɗanda ke amfana daga ƙungiyoyin fannoni daban -daban da suka ƙware kan bincikar autism da PDDs.