Takaitaccen bayani da karin haske.
Kafin juyin juya halin masana'antu. Ana cin nama kadan kusan ko'ina (idan aka kwatanta da ma'auni na yau). 1900-1960 Cin nama ya karu sosai a Yamma yayin da sufuri da na'urar sanyaya ya zama mafi sauƙi 1971 - Buga Diet for a Small Planet na Francis Moore Lappe ya ƙaddamar da motsin cin ganyayyaki a Amurka, amma abin takaici yana gabatar da tatsuniya cewa masu cin ganyayyaki suna buƙatar "haɗa" furotin don samun "cikakken" furotin. 1975 - Buga 'Yancin Dabbobi da farfesa a fannin adabi na Australiya Peter Singer ya ba da kwarin gwiwa ga haifuwar yunkurin kare hakkin dabbobi a Amurka da kuma kafa kungiyar PETA, masu tsananin goyon bayan cin ganyayyaki. Karshen shekarun 1970 - Mujallar Vegetarian Times ta fara bugawa. 1983 - Littafin farko akan cin ganyayyaki ya buga ta wani ƙwararren likitan Yammacin Turai, Dokta John McDougall, Shirin McDougall. 1987 Cin abinci na John Robbins don Sabuwar Amurka ya ƙarfafa motsin vegan a Amurka. Motsin vegan ya dawo. 1990-e Shaidar likita na fa'idodin cin ganyayyaki na zama gama gari. Ƙungiyar Abinci ta Amirka ta amince da cin ganyayyaki a hukumance, kuma littattafan shahararrun likitoci sun ba da shawarar cin ganyayyaki maras kitse ko na kusa da cin ganyayyaki (misali, Shirin McDougall da Shirin Cutar Zuciya na Dr. Dean Ornish). A ƙarshe gwamnatin Amurka tana maye gurbin tsofaffi da nama da kiwo da ke tallafawa Rukunin Abinci huɗu da sabon Pyramid Abinci wanda ke nuna cewa abinci mai gina jiki ya kamata ya dogara da hatsi, kayan lambu, wake da 'ya'yan itace.
Kafin bayyanar rubuce-rubucen kafofin.
Cin ganyayyaki ya samo asali ne tun kafin bayyanar rubuce-rubucen tushe. Yawancin masana ilimin ɗan adam sun yi imanin cewa mutanen da suka fi cin abincin shuka, sun fi masu farauta tarawa. (Duba labarin David Popovich da Derek Wall.) Wannan ra’ayi yana goyan bayan gaskiyar cewa tsarin narkewar ɗan adam ya fi na ciyawa fiye da nama. (Ka manta da ciyayi-wasu masu tsiro su ma suna da su, amma masu naman dabbobi ba su da haƙora, ba kamar mutane da sauran masu ciyawa ba.) Wani abin kuma da ke cewa ’yan adam na farko masu cin ganyayyaki ne shi ne, mutanen da ke cin nama sun fi kamuwa da ciwon zuciya da ciwon daji. fiye da masu cin ganyayyaki.
Tabbas, mutane sun fara cin nama tun kafin bayyanar rubuce-rubucen nassoshi, amma saboda, ba kamar dabbobi ba, suna iya yin irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen. Koyaya, wannan ɗan gajeren lokacin cin nama bai isa ya zama mahimmancin juyin halitta ba: alal misali, samfuran dabbobi suna haɓaka matakin cholesterol a cikin jikin ɗan adam, yayin da idan kun ciyar da sandar man shanu ga kare, matakin cholesterol a cikin jini. jikinsa ba zai canza ba.
farkon masu cin ganyayyaki.
Masanin lissafin Girka Pythagoras mai cin ganyayyaki ne, kuma ana yawan kiran masu cin ganyayyaki Pythagorean kafin ƙirƙirar kalmar. (Kungiyar Masu cin ganyayyaki ta Biritaniya ce ta ƙirƙira Kalmar “mai cin ganyayyaki” a tsakiyar shekarun 1800. Tushen kalmar Latin na nufin tushen rayuwa.) Leonardo da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, Albert Einstein, da George Bernard Shaw suma masu cin ganyayyaki ne. (Tsarin zamani ya ce Hitler ɗan cin ganyayyaki ne, amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ne, aƙalla ba a ma'anar kalmar gargajiya ba.)
Ƙara yawan cin nama a cikin 1900s.
Kafin tsakiyar shekarun 1900, Amurkawa sun ci nama da yawa fiye da yadda suke yi a yanzu. Nama yana da tsada sosai, firji ba a gama gari ba kuma rabon nama yana da matsala. Sakamakon juyin juya halin masana'antu shi ne cewa nama ya zama mai rahusa, sauƙin adanawa da rarrabawa. Sa’ad da hakan ya faru, cin nama ya ƙaru sosai—kamar yadda cututtuka masu lalacewa kamar su kansa, cututtukan zuciya, da ciwon sukari suka yi. Kamar yadda Dean Ornish ya rubuta:
"Kafin wannan karni, abincin da aka saba da shi na Amurka yana da ƙananan kayan dabba, mai, cholesterol, gishiri, da sukari, amma mai arziki a cikin carbohydrates, kayan lambu, da fiber ... Tun da farko a wannan karni, tare da zuwan firiji, tsarin sufuri mai kyau. , injiniyoyin noma, da bunƙasar tattalin arziƙi, cin abinci da salon rayuwar Amirka sun fara canzawa sosai. A halin yanzu, abincin yawancin mutane a Amurka yana da wadatar kayan dabbobi, mai, cholesterol, gishiri, da sukari, da matalauta cikin carbohydrates, kayan lambu, da fiber.” ("Ku ci da yawa kuma ku rasa nauyi"; 1993; sake fitowa 2001; shafi 22)
Asalin cin ganyayyaki a Amurka.
Cin ganyayyaki ba ya zama ruwan dare a Amurka ba har sai 1971, lokacin da Frances Moore Lappé's bestseller Diet for Small Planet ya fito.
'Yar asalin Fort Worth, Lappe ta bar makarantar digiri na UC Berkeley don fara nata bincike kan yunwar duniya. Lappe ya yi mamakin sanin cewa dabbar tana cin hatsi sau 14 fiye da yadda take samar da nama - babban almubazzaranci. (Shanu suna cin kashi 80 cikin 10 na duk hatsi a Amurka. Idan Amurkawa sun rage cin naman su da kashi 26 cikin XNUMX, za a sami isassun hatsi da za su ciyar da duk masu fama da yunwa a duniya.) Lokacin da yake da shekaru XNUMX, Lappe ya rubuta Diet for Smalling. Planet don zaburar da mutane ba sa cin nama, ta haka ne ke dakatar da sharar abinci.
Ko da yake 60s suna da alaƙa da hippies da hippies tare da cin ganyayyaki, a gaskiya, cin ganyayyaki ba a saba da shi ba a cikin 60s. Mafarin farawa shine Diet don Small Planet a cikin 1971.
Tunanin hada furotin.
Amma Amurka ta fahimci cin ganyayyaki ta wata hanya dabam da ta yau. A yau, akwai likitoci da yawa da ke ba da shawarar rage ko kawar da cin nama, da kuma sakamakon ’yan wasa masu nasara da shahararrun mutane waɗanda ke tabbatar da fa'idar cin ganyayyaki. A cikin 1971 abubuwa sun bambanta. Shahararriyar imani ita ce cin ganyayyaki ba kawai rashin lafiya ba ne, cewa ba shi yiwuwa a ci gaba da cin ganyayyaki. Lappe ta san cewa littafinta zai sami bita mai gauraya, don haka ta yi nazarin abinci mai gina jiki a kan cin ganyayyaki, kuma ta yin hakan ta yi babban kuskure wanda ya canza tarihin cin ganyayyaki. Lappe ya gano binciken da aka yi a farkon karni a kan berayen da suka nuna cewa berayen suna girma da sauri lokacin da ake ciyar da su hade da abincin shuka wanda yayi kama da abincin dabbobi a cikin amino acid. Lappe yana da kayan aiki mai ban sha'awa don gamsar da mutane cewa za su iya yin abincin shuka "mai kyau" kamar nama.
Lappe ta sadaukar da rabin littafinta ga ra'ayin "haɗin furotin" ko "cikakken furotin" -kamar yadda ake hidimar wake da shinkafa don samun "cikakken" furotin. Tunanin haɗakarwa ya kasance mai yaduwa, yana bayyana a cikin kowane littafi da kowane marubucin mai cin ganyayyaki ya buga tun, kuma yana kutsawa cikin ilimi, encyclopedias, da tunanin Amurkawa. Abin takaici, wannan tunanin ba daidai ba ne.
Matsala ta farko: ka'idar hadewar sunadaran ka'ida ce kawai. Ba a taɓa yin karatun ɗan adam ba. Ya fi son zuciya fiye da kimiyya. Ba mamaki beraye sun girma daban da na mutum, tunda beraye na bukatar protein sau goma a kowacce kalori fiye da mutum (madarar bera na da kashi 50%, yayin da madarar dan adam tana da kashi 5% kacal). aladu da kaji, waɗanda suke cin hatsi kawai da abincin shuka, suna samun furotin? Shin, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa muna cin dabbobi don gina jiki kuma suna ci kawai tsire-tsire? A ƙarshe, abincin tsire-tsire ba su da "ƙasa" a cikin amino acid kamar yadda Lappe yayi tunani.
Kamar yadda Dr. McDougall ya rubuta, “An yi sa’a, binciken kimiyya ya karyata wannan tatsuniya mai ruɗani. Yanayin ya haifar da abincinmu tare da cikakken tsarin gina jiki tun kafin su buga teburin cin abinci. Dukkan amino acid masu mahimmanci da marasa mahimmanci suna nan a cikin carbohydrates marasa kyau kamar shinkafa, masara, alkama da dankali, a cikin adadi wanda ya fi girma fiye da bukatun ɗan adam, koda kuwa muna magana ne game da 'yan wasa ko masu ɗaukar nauyi. Hankali ya ce wannan gaskiya ne, tunda ’yan Adam sun rayu a wannan duniyar. A cikin tarihi, masu ba da abinci sun kasance suna sa ido kan shinkafa da dankali ga iyalansu. Hada shinkafa da wake ba damuwarsu bace. Yana da mahimmanci a gare mu mu gamsar da yunwa; ba ma bukatar a gaya mana mu haxa tushen furotin don cimma cikakkiyar bayanin martabar amino acid. Wannan ba lallai ba ne, saboda ba shi yiwuwa a ƙirƙiri mafi kyawun tsari na sunadaran da amino acid fiye da carbohydrates na halitta. "(Shirin McDougall; 1990; Dr. John A. McDougall; shafi na 45. - Karin bayani: Shirin McDougall; 1983; Dr. John A. MacDougall; shafi na 96-100)
Diet don Small Planet cikin sauri ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwa, wanda ya sa Lappe ya shahara. Don haka abin mamaki ne - kuma abin girmamawa - cewa ta yarda da kuskuren abin da ya sa ta shahara. A cikin bugu na 1981 na Abinci don Ƙananan Duniya, Lappe ya yarda da kuskuren a bainar jama'a kuma ya bayyana:
“A shekara ta 1971, na jaddada karin furotin saboda ina tsammanin hanya daya tilo ta samun isasshen furotin ita ce a samar da furotin da ke narkewa kamar furotin dabba. A cikin yaƙi da tatsuniya cewa nama shine kawai tushen furotin mai inganci, na ƙirƙiri wani labari. Na sanya shi wannan hanyar, don samun isasshen furotin ba tare da nama ba, kuna buƙatar zaɓar abincin ku a hankali. A gaskiya ma, duk abin da ya fi sauƙi.
“Tare da keɓance mahimman abubuwa guda uku, haɗarin rashi sunadaran gina jiki akan abinci mai tushen tsire-tsire kaɗan ne. Banbancin shine abincin da ya dogara sosai ga 'ya'yan itatuwa, tubers kamar dankali mai dadi ko rogo, da abinci mara kyau (gyaran gari, sukari, da mai). Abin farin ciki, mutane kaɗan ne ke rayuwa akan abinci wanda waɗannan abincin kusan sune tushen adadin kuzari. A duk sauran nau'ikan abinci, idan mutane sun sami isasshen adadin kuzari, suna samun isasshen furotin. (Diet for a Small Planet; 10th Anniversary Edition; Frances Moore Lappe; shafi na 162)
Karshen shekarun 70
Ko da yake Lappe bai magance yunwar duniya shi kaɗai ba, kuma baya ga haɗakar ra'ayoyin gina jiki, Diet for a Small Planet nasara ce da ba ta cancanta ba, ta sayar da miliyoyin kwafi. Ya zama abin ƙarfafawa ga ci gaban ƙungiyar cin ganyayyaki a Amurka. Littattafan dafa abinci na ganyayyaki, gidajen cin abinci, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyi sun fara bayyana daga babu inda. Mu yawanci muna danganta 60s tare da hippies, da hippies tare da masu cin ganyayyaki, amma a gaskiya, cin ganyayyaki ba ya zama ruwan dare ba har sai an saki Diet don Small Planet a 1971.
A wannan shekarar, San Francisco hippies sun kafa ƙungiyar cin ganyayyaki a Tennessee, wanda kawai suke kira "The Farm." Farm ya kasance babba kuma yayi nasara kuma ya taimaka ayyana bayyananniyar hoto na "kwamfuta". "Gona" kuma ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga al'ada. Sun yaɗa samfuran waken soya a cikin Amurka, musamman tofu, wanda kusan ba a san shi ba a Amurka har zuwa littafin girke-girke na Farm, wanda ya ƙunshi girke-girke na soya da girke-girke na yin tofu. Gidan wallafe-wallafen The Farm ya buga wannan littafi mai suna The Farm Publishing Company. (Suna da kasidar aikawasiku wanda sunansa za ku iya tsammani.) Farm ya kuma yi magana game da haihuwar gida a Amurka, kuma ta haifar da sabbin ungozoma. A ƙarshe, mutanen The Farm sun kammala hanyoyin hana haihuwa na halitta (kuma, ba shakka, littattafan da aka rubuta game da shi).
A cikin 1975, farfesa a fannin ɗabi'a na Australiya Peter Singer ya rubuta 'Yancin Dabbobi, wanda shine aikin masana na farko don gabatar da muhawarar ɗabi'a don goyon bayan ƙi nama da gwajin dabbobi. Wannan littafi mai ban sha'awa shine cikakken abin da ya dace da Diet don Small Planet, wanda ya kasance musamman game da rashin cin dabbobi. Abin da Abinci don Ƙananan Duniya ya yi don cin ganyayyaki, 'Yancin Dabbobi ya yi don 'yancin dabba, ƙaddamar da ƙungiyoyin 'yancin dabba a cikin dare a Amurka. A cikin farkon 80s, ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dabba sun fara tashi a ko'ina, ciki har da PETA (Mutane don Kula da Dabbobi). (PETA ta biya don ƙarin bugu na Animal Liberation kuma ta rarraba shi ga sababbin membobin.)
Marigayi 80s: Abincin don Sabuwar Amurka da Tashin Veganism.
Diet don Small Planet ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙanƙara mai cin ganyayyaki a cikin shekarun 70s, amma a tsakiyar 80s wasu tatsuniyoyi game da cin ganyayyaki har yanzu suna yaduwa. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ita ce ra'ayin da aka gabatar a cikin littafin kanta, tatsuniyar da ke haɗa furotin. Mutane da yawa suna tunanin yin cin ganyayyaki sun yi watsi da shi saboda dole ne su tsara abincinsu a hankali. Wata tatsuniya kuma ita ce, kiwo da ƙwai abinci ne masu lafiya kuma masu cin ganyayyaki suna buƙatar ci sosai don kada su mutu. Wata tatsuniya: Yana yiwuwa a kasance lafiya ta zama mai cin ganyayyaki, amma babu fa'idodin kiwon lafiya na musamman (kuma, ba shakka, cin nama ba a haɗa shi da kowace matsala). A ƙarshe, yawancin mutane ba su san komai ba game da noman masana'anta da kuma tasirin muhallin kiwon dabbobi.
Duk waɗannan tatsuniyoyi an karyata su a cikin littafin Diet for a New America na 1987 na John Robbins. Ayyukan Robbins, a haƙiƙa, sun ƙunshi ƙananan sabbin bayanai da na asali - yawancin ra'ayoyin an riga an buga su a wani wuri, amma a warwatse. Abin da ya dace Robbins shi ne, ya ɗauki bayanai masu tarin yawa, ya haɗa su zuwa babban kundi guda ɗaya, a tsanake, ya ƙara nasa bincike, wanda aka gabatar ta hanya mai sauƙi da bangaranci. Sashi na farko na Diet don Sabuwar Amurka yayi magana game da firgicin noman masana'anta. Kashi na biyu cikin gamsarwa ya nuna mummunan cutarwar cin nama da fa'idodin cin ganyayyaki (har ma da cin ganyayyaki) - a hanya, yana lalata tatsuniya na haɗa furotin. Kashi na uku ya yi magana game da illar ban mamaki da kiwo ke haifarwa, wanda hatta masu cin ganyayyaki da yawa ba su sani ba kafin buga littafin.
Abinci don Sabuwar Amurka ta “sake farawa” motsin cin ganyayyaki a Amurka ta hanyar ƙaddamar da motsin cin ganyayyaki, wannan littafin ne ya taimaka gabatar da kalmar “vegan” a cikin ƙamus na Amurka. A cikin shekaru biyu da buga littafin Robbins, an kafa ƙungiyoyin masu cin ganyayyaki kusan goma a Texas.
1990s: Shaidar likita mai ban mamaki.
Dokta John McDougall ya fara buga jerin littattafai masu inganta cin ganyayyaki don maganin cututtuka masu tsanani, kuma ya sami babban nasararsa a 1990 tare da Shirin McDougall. A wannan shekarar ne aka saki shirin Dr. Dean Ornish's Heart Disease Program, wanda Ornish a karon farko ya tabbatar da cewa za a iya sauya cutar cututtukan zuciya. A zahiri, yawancin shirin Ornish ba shi da ƙiba, kusan gaba ɗaya cin ganyayyaki.
A farkon 90s, Ƙungiyar Abinci ta Amirka ta buga takarda matsayi a kan cin ganyayyaki, kuma goyon baya ga cin ganyayyaki ya fara fitowa a cikin al'ummar likita. A karshe gwamnatin Amurka ta maye gurbin tsofaffin kungiyoyin abinci da nama da kiwo da ke tallafawa da sabon Pyramid na Abinci, wanda ke nuna cewa abinci mai gina jiki ya kamata ya dogara da hatsi, kayan lambu, wake da 'ya'yan itatuwa.
A yau, wakilan likitanci da talakawa suna son cin ganyayyaki fiye da kowane lokaci. Tatsuniyoyi har yanzu suna nan, amma gabaɗaya canjin halaye zuwa cin ganyayyaki tun shekarun 80s yana da ban mamaki! Kasancewa mai cin ganyayyaki tun 1985 kuma mai cin ganyayyaki tun 1989, wannan canji ne na maraba!
Bibliography: Shirin McDougall, Dr. John A. McDougall, 1990 Shirin McDougall, Dr. John A. McDougall, 1983 Diet don Sabuwar Amirka, John Robbins, 1987 Diet don Ƙananan Duniya, Frances Moore Lappe, daban-daban bugu 1971-1991
Ƙarin Bayani: Wanda ya kafa cin ganyayyaki na zamani kuma marubucin kalmar "vegan", Donald Watson, ya mutu a watan Disamba 2005 yana da shekaru 95.