Farin caviar

Yawancin nau'in caviar daga kogin da kifi na teku ana daukar su a matsayin abincin abinci. Farashin baƙar fata mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, kifi kifi ja da busassun cod caviar Icelandic ya kai matakin ban mamaki, amma farin beluga caviar ana ɗaukarsa mafi tsada da daraja.

An san Beluga a matsayin kifi mafi girma daga dangin sturgeon ^[1]. Matsakaicin nauyinsa ya kai kilogiram 50. Ana dafa naman beluga mara kyau ana dafa shi, ana soya shi, a dafa shi, ana gasa, har ma ana amfani da kebabs na kifi. Ba ya raguwa, yana riƙe da tsarin kuma yana jure wa zafi da kyau. Amma beluga caviar ana amfani da shi a cikin ƙananan sassa a matsayin mafi mahimmanci na abincin.

Abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da beluga da farin caviar, yadda za a bambanta samfurin inganci daga karya, kuma yana da daraja kashe albarkatun ku akan wannan abincin teku?

Halayen samfur na gaba ɗaya

Beluga kifi ne daga dangin sturgeon ^[2]. An haɗa wannan nau'in a cikin Red Book na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta. An gane Beluga a matsayin kifi mafi girma na ruwa, kuma nauyin manyan wakilan wannan iyali ya kai ton daya da rabi.

Beluga yana da ɗan gajeren hanci, wanda aka nuna zuwa sama, amma yana da laushi da garkuwa a bangarorin. Bakin kifin yana da girma, mahaukaci, ƙananan lebe ya katse. An daidaita antennae Beluga a tarnaƙi kuma an ɗigo su da kayan haɗi kamar ganye. Gill membranes na kifin sun girma tare kuma sun kafa ninki kyauta a ƙarƙashin sararin samaniya kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin siffofinsa. Duk jikin beluga an rufe shi da hatsin kashi. Ana fentin baya a cikin inuwa mai launin toka-launin ruwan kasa, yayin da ciki, akasin haka, haske ne. ^[3].

Girman beluga yana da ban sha'awa. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman kifin ruwa ya kai mita 4-5 a tsayi. A cewar bayanan da ba a tabbatar ba da aka samu daga masunta da masu kamun kifi na masana’antu, sun hadu da mutane musamman manya masu nauyin nauyin ton 2 da mita 9.

Abin sha'awa: cushe musamman manyan kifi ana ajiye su a gidajen tarihi. Misali, beluga da aka kama a cikin 1989 an adana shi a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Astrakhan. Nauyinsa ya kai kilogiram 966, kuma tsayinsa ya kai mita 4. ^[4]. An samu fiye da kilogiram 100 na caviar daga dabbar.

Habitat

Beluga ana daukarsa anadromous kifi. Wani bangare na yanayin rayuwarsa yana faruwa ne a cikin teku, kuma a cikin kogunan da ke kwarara cikinsa. Babban wurin zama shine Black, Azov da Caspian Seas. Daga nan kuma kifayen ke shiga cikin kogunan domin su hayayyafa. Idan a baya al'ummar beluga suna da yawa, yanzu wannan nau'in yana cikin barazanar bacewa. Hakan ya faru ne saboda karuwar kifin da ake kamawa da kuma kara sayar da shi a farashi mai tsada.

Har zuwa 70s na karni na XX, kifi ya rayu a cikin Tekun Adriatic, daga inda ya tashi zuwa Kogin Po. Amma beluga ya bace ba zato ba tsammani daga wannan yanki, kuma ba a taɓa ganin shi a bakin tekun Adriatic ba cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata.

Ana ɗaukar yawan kifin Adriatic batattu.

Ci gaban chordal / haifuwa

Zagayowar rayuwar kifaye na iya kai alamar shekaru 100, don haka ana rarraba iyali a matsayin mai dadewa. Kusan duk sturgeons suna yin aure kuma suna takin ƙwai sau da yawa a rayuwarsu. Wannan ba gaskiya ba ne ga dukan kifi. Alal misali, salmon Pacific ya mutu nan da nan bayan haifuwa. A ƙarshen spawning, beluga ya koma wurin zama na yau da kullun: daga kogin zuwa teku.

Kafaffen caviar yana ƙasa kuma yana m. Girman fry yana bambanta daga 1,5 zuwa 2,5 centimeters. Mafi sau da yawa, soya mirgine a cikin teku, amma wasu samfurori sun dade a cikin koguna kuma suna zaune a can har zuwa shekaru 5-6. Jima'i balaga a cikin mata yana faruwa a cikin shekaru 13-18 shekaru, kuma a cikin maza a shekaru 16-27 (lokacin aiki yana faruwa a shekara ta 22nd na rayuwa).

Halin kifin ya dogara da girman mace, amma matsakaicin ya bambanta daga ƙwai miliyan 500 zuwa 1. A cikin yanayi na musamman, wannan adadin zai iya kaiwa miliyan 5.

Hijira

Don lokacin haifuwa, kifi yana motsawa zuwa koguna: daga Bahar Black - zuwa Danube da Dnieper, daga Azov - zuwa Don da Kuban, kuma daga Caspian - zuwa Kura, Terek, Ural da Volga. Gudun haifuwa yana farawa a watan Maris kuma yana ƙare a watan Disamba. Kananan garken kifaye sun kasance a lokacin hunturu a cikin koguna, amma yawancin suna komawa cikin teku.

Siffofin abinci

A cikin sarkar abinci, an jera beluga a matsayin mafarauta. Ya fi ciyar da kifi. Halin dabi'a yana bayyana kansa nan da nan bayan haihuwa: soya fara farautar kananan kifi da mollusks.

Gaskiya: Masana kimiyya sun sami 'ya'ya a cikin Caspian Beluga ciki.

Masu fafatawa da abinci na Beluga tare da mafi kama da abinci da salon rayuwa:

• zander;
• asp;
• pike;
• sturgeon;
• stelate sturgeon.

Mu'amalar ɗan adam da kifi da mahimmanci ga masana'antar abinci

An dauki Beluga a matsayin kifin kasuwanci mai mahimmanci. Har zuwa 90s, beluga kama yana da fiye da 10% na jimlar kama sturgeon na shekara-shekara. Tun daga farkon shekarun 90s, ana samun raguwar yawan kamawar masana'antu ^[5]. Hakan ya faru ne saboda raguwar yawan jama'a da kuma kare kifaye daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kare Halitta ^[6].

Mutum yana amfani da nama, ciki, fata, kai da caviar na beluga. Matsakaicin kitse a jikin kifin shine 7%, a cikin ciki - 4%; An rubuta adadi mafi girma a cikin caviar - 15%. Ana sanyaya naman Beluga, a daskare, a dafa shi, a zuba gwangwani a zuba a kasuwa a bushe. Ana kuma ci elmiga (sturgeon chord), kuma ana shirya mafita na musamman daga busassun busassun busassun ruwan inabi don fayyace ruwan inabi.

Beluga caviar yana wakilta akan kasuwa a cikin duk nau'ikan 2:

• hatsi. Irin wannan caviar ba a pasteurized. Ya ƙunshi nau'in hatsi mai gishiri maras kyau, waɗanda ke sauƙin rabu da juna. Ana niƙa su ta hanyar sieve na musamman don cire fina-finai da ratsi. Caviar na iya zama dan kadan ko gishiri mai karfi. Hakanan ana kiran nau'in granular danye;
• danna. Nan da nan bayan kama, caviar yana gishiri a cikin yastiks (fim na halitta wanda aka adana caviar), bayan haka an shimfiɗa su a cikin kwantena na musamman, bushe da gishiri. An 'yantar da samfurin daga fim ɗin ovaries, gamsai, veins, sa'an nan kuma an niƙa shi a cikin manyan tarkace tare da turawa. A sakamakon haka, qwai sun zama mai yawa, cike da kitsen beluga mai brackish.

Lambobin Beluga sun ragu sosai a duk tekuna. An gina wuraren da ake hayayyafa, wanda ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a ^[7]. Haifuwa ta wucin gadi na kifin ya nuna ƙarancin inganci, tunda babu masu kera da ke shirye su ɗauki wannan sashin kasuwa da gaske. Wani ƙarin abin da ya yi tasiri a matsayin beluga shine kifayen kifaye duka a cikin tekuna da koguna. A sakamakon haka, an ba shi matsayi na "Nau'in da ke kan gab da ƙarewa". Yanzu masana kimiyya suna haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin kiwon kifin, inganta fasahar kere kere na kiwo na wucin gadi da ƙoƙarin kiyaye wuraren zama. ^[8].

A cikin yanayin yanayi, kifin yana haɓaka da sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, sterlet da ƙaya. Tare da taimakon wucin gadi na wucin gadi, yana yiwuwa ya haifar da nau'in kifaye masu yawa waɗanda suka sami nasarar mamaye Volga, Kuban, Tekun uXNUMXbuXNUMXbAzov da wasu tafki. Sturgeon hybrids suma sun sami nasarar samun gindin zama a gonakin kiwo.

Abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da caviar beluga?

Matan Beluga suna jefa caviar baƙar fata, amma ana samun farin caviar a sakamakon maye gurbi na halitta. Daga cikin sturgeon, kamar sauran halittu masu rai, zabiya yana faruwa. ^[9]. Wannan rashi ne na pigment, wanda ke da alhakin inuwar fata, iris da launin gashi. Wasu sturgeons kawai ba su da lalurar da ta dace, kuma suna ɗaukar launin fari-dusar ƙanƙara. Caviar na irin wannan beluga kuma yana canza launi zuwa fari. Abin lura ne cewa a cikin matasa kifi, inuwar caviar ya fi kusa da zinariya ko kirim. Tsofaffin kifin, da fari caviar, don haka mafi dusar ƙanƙara-fararen, kusan m qwai ne na hali ga dogon rai kifi.

Muhimmi: dandano da kayan abinci na yau da kullun na beluga da albino caviar iri ɗaya ne. Bambancin kawai shine a cikin inuwa. Saboda kasancewar albinism abu ne da ba kasafai ke faruwa ba, fararen ƙwai sun fi daraja. ^[10]. Wani ƙarin abin da ke shafar farashin samfurin shine ƙarar samarwa. A cikin shekara guda kawai, 'yan kilogiram na albino beluga caviar ne ake hakowa a duniya.

Beluga caviar yana da girma sosai. Diamita ya kai milimita 2,5, kuma nauyinsa ya bambanta daga ⅕ zuwa ¼ na nauyin kifin da kansa. Wannan caviar ne aka dauke shi mafi daraja (idan aka kwatanta da caviar na sauran sturgeons). Inuwa na daidaitaccen caviar shine launin toka mai duhu tare da sanannen sheen silvery. Palettes na dandano da ƙanshi sun bambanta da ƙarfi, wadata da nau'ikan lafazin. Caviar yana da dandano na gargajiya na teku da kuma almond na musamman.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: kafin juyin juya halin, ana kiran mafi kyawun nau'in caviar granular "Warsaw redistribution". Me yasa? Yawancin isar da kayayyaki daga Daular Rasha sun wuce ta Warsaw, kuma daga can - waje.

Yadda za a bambanta samfurin gaske daga karya?

Kowane samfurin ruwa yana da halaye na kansa. A cikin caviar, wannan shine tsarin, ƙayyadaddun bayanin kula da dandano da inuwa. Wasu mutane na iya rikitar da nau'ikan caviar guda biyu daban-daban, don kada su ce komai na jabu mai inganci. Wani lokaci beluga caviar yana haɗuwa tare da wasu, masu kama da juna, amma nau'i mai rahusa. Abu ne mai sauqi ka lura da karya, kawai kuna buƙatar duba samfurin. Dole ne qwai su kasance launi da girmansu iri ɗaya. Idan an keta waɗannan sigogi, to, masana'anta sun yanke shawarar ajiyewa akan ingancin tsari.

Muhimmi: yana da matukar wahala a rarrabe caviar ta dandano. Ko da masu sana'a ko masu gourmets suna yin kuskure kuma ba su kama mahimman lafazin dandano ba.

Sau da yawa, ana iya kama caviar maras kyau, mai girma ko rashin girma, a cikin kwalba. Wannan ba karya ba ne, amma kawai ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke nuna rashin kulawar masana'anta. A cikin duka biyun, harsashi na caviar zai kasance da wuyar gaske, fim din zai fashe, kuma palette mai dandano na caviar zai canza zuwa m ko kuma gishiri. Samfurin inganci yakamata ya fashe dan kadan kuma a zahiri ya narke a bakinka.

Idan ka saya caviar maras kyau, to sai ka mayar da hankali ga wari da bayyanar. Hakanan, kar a rasa damar don gwada samfurin kafin siyan. Idan zaɓin ya faɗi a kan caviar a cikin kwalba, to, ba da fifiko ga sanannun sanannun samfuran da ke darajar sunan su. Bugu da ƙari, idan har yanzu kun ci karo da samfur mai ƙarancin inganci, to zaku iya tuntuɓar sabis na kariyar mabukaci, dawo da kuɗin ku kuma ku rama lalacewar.

Muhimmi: Caviar gwangwani ta tsohuwa ana ɗaukar ƙaramin daraja. Kyakkyawan samfurin yawanci ba a gwangwani ba, amma ana sayar da sabo.

Farashin beluga caviar, kuma musamman farin caviar, yana da yawa. Zai fi kyau kada a ajiyewa da mayar da hankali kan matsakaicin farashin kasuwa. Samfurin da ya yi arha za a iya kera shi ta hanyoyin da ake tambaya a ƙarƙashin yanayin rashin tsafta, kuma wannan yana cike da cututtuka da haɗarin lafiya. Haka kuma, arha caviar na iya zama bara. Ana wanke qwai daga gamsai, a sake yin gishiri kuma a rarraba a cikin kwalba.

5 na manyan dokoki don zaɓin beluga caviar:

• saya samfurin a cikin "lokacin" lokacin da akwai mai yawa caviar kuma yana da sabo;
• kada ku ajiye kuɗi kuma ku mai da hankali kan matsakaicin farashin kasuwa;
• yi hattara da rini;
• ba da fifiko ga samfurin ta nauyi, kimanta bayyanar / dandano / wari, amma kar a manta don bayyana takaddun kuma gano masana'anta;
• idan kun sayi caviar a banki, zaɓi tabbatarwa, kamfanoni masu daraja waɗanda ke darajar sunan kansu da amincin abokin ciniki.

Sinadaran abun da ke cikin samfurin ^[11]

Amfani Properties na teku delicacy

Na musamman abun da ke ciki na abincin teku taimaka mana kula da inganta kiwon lafiya, ta da girma na kusoshi / gashi, cika ciki albarkatun da samun psycho-motsi jituwa. Bari mu fara da abubuwa masu kyau na amfani da caviar don kula da kyawun waje na mutum.

Antioxidants a cikin ascorbic acid (bitamin C) da tocopherol (bitamin E) suna kare fatar jikin mutum daga haskoki na ultraviolet na rukunin B. Abubuwan gina jiki suna rage tasirin cututtukan cututtuka na radicals kyauta a cikin sel, ta haka rage saurin tsufa da faɗuwar fata. Bitamin B, wadanda ke da yawa a cikin caviar beluga, sune ke da alhakin samuwar epithelium, gashi mai kyau da ƙusoshi masu ƙarfi, kuma Retinol (bitamin A) yana taimaka musu su warke. Omega-3 da omega-6 fatty acids suna rage kumburi a cikin jiki kuma suna sa fatar mu ta haskaka a zahiri daga ciki. ^[12][13].

Unsaturated fatty acids sarrafa kusan kowane bangare na rayuwar mu. Omega-3s sune babban tsarin tsarin membranes cell. Suna sarrafa duk matakai na rayuwa a cikin jiki: watsawar jijiyar jijiyoyi, ingancin kwakwalwa, ayyuka na tsarin jini, kare jiki daga cututtuka da microflora pathological. Ya kamata a biya kulawa ta musamman ga caviar ga mutanen da ke da raunin hangen nesa da rashin ƙarfi a cikin tsokoki. Yin amfani da acid fatty acid yana taimakawa rage nauyi, kare jiki daga ci gaban ciwon sukari har ma da ciwon daji. Wannan abu yana daidaita abubuwan da ke cikin cholesterol a cikin jini, yana ƙarfafa tsarin juyayi, yana sa zuciya ta yi aiki sosai kuma yana hanzarta tafiyar matakai na rayuwa.

Wani amfani na beluga caviar shine yawan furotin. Ya ƙunshi duk mahimman amino acid, kuma dangane da kaddarorin abinci mai gina jiki, samfurin na iya yin gogayya da nama. Amma abincin teku yana da fa'ida mai mahimmanci: furotin dabba na rayuwar ruwa yana ɗaukar sauƙi da inganci. Matsakaicin rata tsakanin digiri na narkewar nama kifi da caviar na iya kaiwa 10-20%.

Har ila yau, beluga caviar zai iya hana ci gaban osteoporosis da rickets saboda bitamin D (calciferol). Calciferol yana taimaka wa jiki don samun sauƙin ɗaukar phosphorus (P) da calcium (Ca), wanda ke ƙarfafa kwarangwal, tsarin tsoka kuma yana kare su daga matakai masu lalacewa.

Muhimmanci. Abin da ya kamata a lura ko da a cikin ingancin abincin teku shine mercury da filastik. Lalacewar tekunan duniya na haifar da kamuwa da kifaye. Abubuwa masu lahani ta hanyar kifi suna faɗo kai tsaye a kan farantinmu, kuma wannan na iya haifar da wasu cututtuka da canje-canjen da ba za a iya jurewa ba. Don rage haɗarin haɗari, ku ci abincin teku sau 2-3 a mako kuma zaɓi kwandon abincin ku da gaskiya.

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