Abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da ciwon sukari: jerin abubuwan dubawa daga endocrinologist

Ci gaba daga masanin ilimin kimiya na Kanada Frederick Bunting ya canza ciwon sukari daga wata cuta mai kisa zuwa cuta mai iya sarrafawa.

A shekara ta 1922, Banting ya yi allurar insulin na farko ga wani yaro mai ciwon sukari kuma ya ceci rayuwarsa. Kusan shekaru ɗari kenan tun lokacin, kuma masana kimiyya sun sami ci gaba sosai wajen fahimtar yanayin wannan cuta.

A yau, mutane masu ciwon sukari - kuma akwai kusan miliyan 70 daga cikinsu a duniya, a cewar WHO, - na iya rayuwa mai tsawo da aiki, muddin ana bin shawarwarin likita.

Amma ciwon sukari har yanzu ba a warkewa ba, haka ma, cutar tana ƙara ƙanana kwanan nan. Tare da taimakon ƙwararren, mun tsara jagorar ciwon sukari don masu karatu Lafiyar Abinci Kusa da Ni, tattara bayanai masu amfani waɗanda kowa ya buƙaci sani, saboda yawancin mu suna cikin haɗari.

Clinical asibitin "Avicenna", Novosibirsk

Menene ciwon sukari kuma yaya yake da haɗari? Menene bambanci tsakanin manyan nau'ikan cutar guda 2?

Ciwon sukari mellitus (DM) rukuni ne na cututtuka da ke nuna yawan karuwar glucose (wanda aka fi sani da sukari) a cikin jini. Yana iya haifar da lalacewa da rashin aiki na gabobin daban-daban - idanu, kodan, jijiyoyi, zuciya da tasoshin jini. 

Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 na ciwon sukari shine kashi 90% na duk cututtukan da aka gano na cutar.

A cikin sigar gargajiya, irin wannan nau'in ciwon sukari yana faruwa a cikin manya masu kiba tare da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Amma kwanan nan, masu ilimin endocrinologists a duk faɗin duniya suna lura da yanayin "farfadowa" wannan cuta.

Nau'in ciwon sukari na 1 yana tasowa ne musamman a lokacin ƙuruciya ko samartaka kuma yana da saurin kamuwa da cutar, galibi yana buƙatar asibiti.

Babban bambanci tsakanin nau'in ciwon sukari na farko da na biyu shine kasancewar ko rashin insulin nasa. Insulin wani hormone ne da pancreas ke samar da shi saboda karuwar sukarin jini.

Alal misali, lokacin da mutum ya ci apple, hadaddun carbohydrates suna rushewa a cikin tsarin narkewa zuwa ƙananan sukari kuma suna shiga cikin jini. Matsayin sukari na jini ya fara tashi - wannan ya zama sigina ga pancreas don samar da daidaitaccen adadin insulin, kuma bayan 'yan mintoci kaɗan matakin sukari na jini ya dawo daidai. Godiya ga wannan tsarin cewa a cikin mutumin da ba shi da ciwon sukari mellitus da duk wani rikice-rikice na metabolism na carbohydrate, matakin glucose na jini koyaushe ya kasance na al'ada, koda kuwa ya ci kayan zaki da yawa. Na ci abinci mai yawa - pancreas ya samar da ƙarin insulin. 

Me yasa cututtukan kiba da ciwon sukari ke da alaƙa? Ta yaya daya ke shafar ɗayan?

Kiba da kiba sune abubuwan haɗari don haɓaka nau'in ciwon sukari na 2. Zubar da kitse a cikin ciki yana da haɗari musamman. Wannan alama ce ta visceral (na ciki) kiba, wanda ke ƙarƙashin juriya na insulin - babban dalilin ciwon sukari 2. A gefe guda, asarar nauyi a cikin ciwon sukari na iya zama da wahala sosai, tun da cutar ta haifar da cikakken hadaddun canje-canje na biochemical a cikin jiki. wadanda ke da alaka da juna. Sabili da haka, yana da matukar mahimmanci don kai tsaye magani ba kawai don daidaita sukarin jini ba, har ma don rage nauyi. 

Yaushe alluran insulin ya zama dole, kuma yaushe za a iya kauce masa?

A cikin nau'in ciwon sukari na 1, ƙwayoyin da ke cikin pancreas waɗanda ke samar da insulin sun lalace. Jiki ba shi da insulin nasa, kuma babu wata hanya ta halitta don rage yawan sukarin jini. A wannan yanayin, maganin insulin ya zama dole (gabatar da insulin ta amfani da na'urori na musamman, alkalan sirinji ko famfo na insulin).

Kimanin shekaru 100 da suka gabata, kafin kirkirar insulin, tsawon rayuwar marasa lafiya da ke da nau'in ciwon sukari na 1 ya kasance daga watanni da yawa zuwa shekaru 2-3 bayan bullar cutar. A zamanin yau, maganin zamani yana ba da damar ba kawai don ƙara yawan rayuwar marasa lafiya ba, amma har ma don cire iyakar ƙuntatawa a gare su.

Tare da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2, matakin insulin nasa baya raguwa, kuma wani lokacin ma ya fi na al'ada, amma ba zai iya aiki daidai ba. Mafi sau da yawa wannan yana faruwa ne saboda raguwar hankalin ƙwayoyin jiki ga wannan hormone, juriya na insulin yana faruwa. Don haka, maganin nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 yana dogara ne akan magungunan da ba na insulin ba - kwamfutar hannu da magungunan allura, da nufin samar da insulin na kansa mafi inganci.

Wane irin ciwon suga ne mata kadai za su iya fuskanta?

Wani nau'in ciwon sukari na yau da kullun shine ciwon sukari na ciki. Wannan karuwa ne a cikin jini a lokacin daukar ciki, wanda zai iya kasancewa tare da rikitarwa ga tayin da mace. Don gano wannan cuta, duk mata masu juna biyu ana gwada glucose na jini mai azumi a farkon ciki kuma ana yin gwajin haƙuri na glucose a cikin makonni 24-26 na ciki. Idan an gano abubuwan da ba su da kyau, likitan mata ya aika mara lafiya don tuntuɓar likitan endocrinologist don warware matsalar jiyya.

Wani ganewar asali na gynecological da ke da alaƙa da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 shine ciwon ovary na polycystic, wanda, kamar yadda yake da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2, yana dogara ne akan juriya na insulin. Don haka, idan an lura da mace tare da wannan ganewar asali daga likitan mata, ya zama dole a ware ciwon sukari da ciwon sukari. 

Har ila yau, akwai "wasu takamaiman nau'in ciwon sukari" da ke tasowa a kan tushen wasu cututtuka, shan magunguna da kuma sakamakon lahani na kwayoyin halitta, amma a kididdiga ba su da yawa.

Wanene ke cikin haɗari? Wadanne abubuwa ne zasu iya taimakawa wajen fara ciwon sukari?

Ciwon sukari mellitus cuta ce mai gada, wato haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ya fi yawa a cikin mutanen da danginsu na kusa ke fama da wannan cuta. Misali, yuwuwar yaron ya kamu da ciwon sukari na 1 shine 6% idan mahaifinsa yana da cutar, 2% - a cikin mahaifiyar, kuma 30-35% idan iyaye biyu suna da nau'in ciwon sukari na 1.

Duk da haka, idan iyali ba su da ciwon sukari, wannan baya bada garantin kariya daga cutar. Babu hanyoyin hana nau'in ciwon sukari na 1.

Ga nau'in ciwon sukari na 2, masana sun gano abubuwan haɗari na dindindin waɗanda ba za mu iya yin tasiri ba. Wadannan sun hada da: shekaru fiye da 45, kasancewar dangi masu ciwon sukari na 2, ciwon sukari na ciki a baya (ko haihuwar yara masu nauyin fiye da 4 kg).

Kuma abubuwan haɗarin da za a iya canzawa sun haɗa da kiba ko kiba, ƙarancin motsa jiki na yau da kullun, hawan jini da matakan cholesterol masu yawa. A aikace, wannan yana nufin rage nauyin jiki da daidaita hawan jini na iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon sukari na 2. 

Wadanne gwaje-gwaje kuke buƙatar ɗauka idan kuna zargin ciwon sukari?

Don tabbatar da ganewar asali, kuna buƙatar ɗaukar gwajin glucose na jini mai azumi. Alamar al'ada za ta kasance matakin glucose na jini na ƙasa da 6,1 mmol / L idan kun ba da gudummawar jini daga jijiya kuma ƙasa da 5,6 mmol / L idan kun ba da gudummawar jini daga yatsa.

Hakanan zaka iya ƙayyade matakin haemoglobin glycosylated a cikin jini, wanda zai nuna matsakaicin matakin glucose na jini a cikin watanni 3 da suka gabata. Idan kana da sabawa a cikin wadannan sigogi, tuntuɓi endocrinologist, zai gudanar da ƙarin jarrabawa kuma ya rubuta magani mai mahimmanci. 

Idan kwararre ya tabbatar da cutar fa?

Idan an riga an gano ku da ciwon sukari mellitus, bai kamata ku ji tsoro ba, amma tabbas kuna buƙatar yin la'akari da hakan a hankali, kuma abu na farko da za ku yi shine nemo likitan ilimin endocrinologist wanda koyaushe za'a kula dashi. A farkon cutar, likita zai ƙayyade nau'in ciwon sukari mellitus, matakin ƙwayar insulin, kasancewar rikice-rikice ko cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ciwon sukari kuma zai ba da magani mai dacewa.

Baya ga maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi, ana tattauna batutuwan abinci mai gina jiki da motsa jiki tare da masanin ilimin endocrinologist, wanda ke taimakawa cikin jiyya na ciwon sukari. A gida, ana yin sa ido kan glucose na jini tare da na'ura na musamman - glucometer, don tantance tasirin magunguna. Kuna buƙatar ziyarci likitan endocrinologist sau ɗaya kowane watanni 1-3, dangane da yanayin cutar, yayin kiyaye sukarin jini a cikin dabi'u na yau da kullun, ana buƙatar ƙarancin ziyartar likita. 

Shin akwai sabbin magunguna don ciwon sukari?

Ko da shekaru 10 da suka wuce, an dauki nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 a matsayin cuta mai ci gaba, wato, tare da raguwa a hankali, ci gaba da rikitarwa; sau da yawa yakan haifar da nakasa. Yanzu akwai sabbin rukunin magunguna waɗanda ke daidaita glucose na jini yadda yakamata kuma suna rage haɗarin rikitarwa.

Yin tiyatar narkewar abinci wani nau'in tiyata ne a cikin ciki da ƙananan hanji, wanda ke haifar da canji a cikin shawar abinci da samar da wasu kwayoyin hormones da enzymes, wanda ke ba ku damar rage nauyi da daidaita sukarin jini.

Cutar sankara na nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 yana faruwa a cikin 50-80%, ya danganta da nau'in aikin da aka yi. A halin yanzu, aikin tiyata shine hanya mafi inganci don magance ciwon sukari. Alamar aikin tiyata na rayuwa don nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 shine ma'auni na jiki (BMI) fiye da 35 kg / m2 ko rashin yiwuwar gyara ciwon sukari tare da magani kuma tare da BMI na 30-35 kg / m2.

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