Kwayar cutar kanjamau kwayar halitta ce ta salula wanda mai yuwuwar furcinsa zai inganta ci gaban ciwon daji. Menene nau'ikan oncogenes daban-daban? Ta waɗanne hanyoyi ake kunna su? Bayani.

Wani oncogene (daga Greek onkos, ƙari da genos, haihuwa) wanda kuma ake kira proto-oncogene (c-onc) wani nau'in kwayar halitta ne wanda furcinsa zai iya ba da wani nau'in ciwon daji akan kwayar eukaryotic na al'ada. Lallai, oncogenes suna sarrafa haɗin sunadaran da ke haɓaka rarrabawar tantanin halitta (wanda ake kira oncoproteins) ko hana tsarin mutuwar kwayar halitta (ko apoptosis). Oncogenes suna da alhakin haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel marasa sarrafawa wanda ke haifar da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa.

An raba Oncogenes zuwa azuzuwan 6 waɗanda suka yi daidai da oncoprotein da suke ɓoyewa:

• abubuwan girma. Misali: proto-oncogene encogene sunadaran gina jiki na FGF iyali (Fibroblast Growth Factor);
• transmembrane girma factor receptors. Misali: proto-oncogene erb B wanda ke yin lambobi don EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) mai karɓa;
• G-proteins ko sunadaran membrane suna daure GTP. Misali: proto-oncogenes na dangin ras;
• membrane tyrosine protein kinase;
• membrane protein kinase;
• sunadaran tare da aikin nukiliya.Misali: proto-oncogenes erb A, phos, Yuni et c-mu.

Ana tabbatar da sabuntawar salula ta hanyar sake zagayowar sel. An bayyana na ƙarshe ta hanyar jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da sel 'ya'ya biyu daga ƙwayar uwa. Muna magana ne game da rarraba sel ko "mitosis".

Dole ne a daidaita tsarin tantanin halitta. Lallai, idan rabon tantanin halitta bai wadatar ba, kwayar halitta ba ta aiki da kyau; Sabanin haka, idan rabon tantanin halitta yana da yawa, sel suna yaduwa ba tare da kulawa ba, wanda ke haɓaka bayyanar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa.

Ƙa'idar sake zagayowar tantanin halitta yana da garanti ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta waɗanda aka kasu zuwa kashi biyu:

• anti-oncogenes wanda ke hana yaduwar kwayar halitta ta hanyar rage jinkirin kwayar halitta;
• proto-oncogenes (c-onc) ko oncogenes waɗanda ke haɓaka haɓakar tantanin halitta ta hanyar kunna tsarin tantanin halitta.

Idan muka kwatanta zagayowar tantanin halitta zuwa mota, anti-oncogenes za su zama birki kuma proto-oncogenes za su zama masu haɓaka na ƙarshe.

Siffar na ƙari na iya haifar da maye gurbi wanda ke hana anti-oncogenes ko akasin haka daga maye gurbi mai kunna proto-oncogenes (ko oncogenes).

Rashin aikin anti-oncogenes yana hana su aiwatar da ayyukan hana yaduwar kwayar halitta. Hana anti-oncogenes ita ce kofa a bude don rarrabawar kwayoyin halitta wanda zai iya haifar da bayyanar ƙwayoyin cuta.

Duk da haka, anti-oncogenes sune kwayoyin halittar salula, wato, suna nan a cikin kwafi akan nau'in chromosomes guda biyu waɗanda ke ɗauke da su a cikin tsakiya na tantanin halitta. Don haka, lokacin da ɗayan kwafin anti-oncogene bai yi aiki ba, ɗayan yana ba da damar yin aiki azaman birki don kare batun daga yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma haɗarin ciwace-ciwace. Wannan shine lamarin, alal misali, na BRCA1 gene, maye gurbi na hanawa wanda ke fallasa ciwon nono. Amma idan kwafin na biyu na wannan kwayar halitta yana aiki, majiyyaci yana kasancewa a cikin kariya ko da yake yana da lahani saboda kuskuren kwafin farko. A matsayin wani ɓangare na irin wannan yanayin, wani lokaci ana la'akari da mastectomy na rigakafi biyu.

Sabanin haka, maye gurbi mai kunnawa da ke shafar proto-oncogenes yana ƙara ƙarfafa tasirin su akan yaduwar tantanin halitta. Wannan yaduwar kwayar cutar tantanin halitta yana haifar da ci gaban cututtukan daji.

Kamar dai anti-oncogenes, pro-oncogenes sune kwayoyin halittar salula, waɗanda ke cikin kwafi akan nau'ikan chromosomes guda biyu waɗanda ke ɗauke da su. Duk da haka, ba kamar anti-oncongens ba, kasancewar pro-oncogene guda ɗaya da aka canza ya isa ya haifar da abubuwan da ake tsoro (a cikin wannan yanayin, yaduwar kwayar halitta). Don haka majiyyacin da ke ɗauke da wannan maye gurbi yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa.

Maye gurbi a cikin oncogenes na iya zama na kwatsam, na gado ko ma haifar da mutagens (sunadarai, hasken UV, da sauransu).

Hanyoyi da yawa suna asalin kunna maye gurbi na oncogenes ko pro-oncogenes (c-onc):

• hadewar hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri: shigar da kwayar cutar DNA a matakin kwayar halitta. Wannan shi ne misali yanayin kwayar cutar papillomavirus (HPV), wanda ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i;
• nuna maye gurbi a cikin jerin kwayoyin halittar da ke sanya sunadarin gina jiki;
• shafewa: asarar wani guntu mafi girma ko ƙarami na DNA, wanda ya zama sanadin maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta;
• gyare-gyaren tsari: canjin chromosomal (canzawa, jujjuyawar) wanda ke haifar da samuwar kwayar halittar matasan da ke ɓoye furotin mara aiki;
• ƙarawa: rashin daidaituwa na ninka yawan kwafin kwayoyin halitta a cikin tantanin halitta. Wannan haɓakawa gabaɗaya yana haifar da haɓaka matakin bayyana kwayar halitta;
• rarrabuwar kawuna na bayanin RNA: kwayoyin halittar sun katse daga yanayin kwayoyin halittarsu na yau da kullun kuma an sanya su a ƙarƙashin ikon da bai dace ba na wasu jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da gyare-gyaren maganganun su.

Halittun halittu masu ɓoye abubuwan haɓaka ko masu karɓar su:

• PDGF: yana ɓoye abubuwan haɓakar platelet mai alaƙa da glioma (ciwon daji na kwakwalwa);
  Erb-B: yana ɓoye mai karɓar haɓakar haɓakar epidermal. Haɗe da glioblastoma (ciwon daji na kwakwalwa) da ciwon nono;
• Erb-B2 kuma ana kiransa HER-2 ko neu: yana ɓoye mai karɓar abubuwan haɓaka. Haɗe da nono, gland na salivary da ciwon daji na ovarian;
• RET: yana ɓoye mai karɓar abubuwan haɓaka girma. Haɗe da ciwon daji na thyroid.

Halittar Halittar Halittar Halittar Halittar Halitta na cytoplasmic a cikin hanyoyin ƙarfafawa:

• Ki-ras: hade da huhu, ovarian, ciwon hanji da ciwon daji na pancreatic;
• N-ras: hade da cutar sankarar bargo.

Halin rububin kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke kunna ƙwayoyin haɓaka haɓakawa:

• C-myc: hade da cutar sankarar bargo da nono, ciki da ciwon huhu;
• N-myc: hade da neuroblastoma (ciwon daji na jijiyoyi) da glioblastoma;
• L-myc: hade da ciwon huhu.

Ƙwayoyin halitta suna ɓoye sauran kwayoyin halitta:

• Hcl-2: yana sanya sunadarin gina jiki wanda yawanci ke toshe kashe kansa. hade da lymphomas na B lymphocytes;
• Bel-1: kuma mai suna PRAD1. Yana ɓoye Cyclin DXNUMX, mai kunna agogon sake zagayowar salula. Haɗe da ciwon nono, kai da wuyansa;
• MDM2: yana ɓoye maƙiyi na sunadaran furotin da aka samar ta hanyar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta.
• P53: hade da sarcomas (cututtukan nama) da sauran cututtukan daji.

Kwayoyin cutar oncogenic ƙwayoyin cuta ne waɗanda ke da ikon sanya tantanin halitta da suke kamuwa da cutar kansa. Kashi 15% na masu ciwon daji suna da ilimin kimiyyar hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri kuma waɗannan cututtukan daji na hoto suna haifar da kusan sabbin lokuta miliyan 1.5 a kowace shekara da mutuwar 900 a kowace shekara a duniya.

Haɗaɗɗen kansar ƙwayar cuta matsala ce ta lafiyar jama'a:

• papillomavirus yana da alaƙa da kusan kashi 90% na cututtukan mahaifa;
• 75% na duk hepatocarcinomas suna da alaƙa da cutar hanta ta B da C.

Akwai nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyar na oncogenic, ko dai ƙwayoyin RNA ne ko ƙwayoyin cuta na DNA.

RNA ƙwayoyin cuta

• Retroviridae (HTVL-1) yana sanya ku cikin haɗarin T cutar sankarar bargo;
• Flaviviridae (kwayar cutar hanta ta C) tana cikin haɗari don ciwon hanta.

DNA ƙwayoyin cuta

• Papovaviridae (papillomavirus 16 da 18) yana nunawa ga ciwon daji na cervix;
• Herpesviridae (Esptein Barr cutar) yana fallasa zuwa lymphoma B da carcinoma;
• Herpesviridae (mutum herpesvirus 8) yana nunawa ga cutar Kaposi da lymphomas;
• Hepadnaviridae (kwayar cutar hanta ta B) tana da saurin kamuwa da ciwon hanta.