Rasa masoyi lamari ne mai raɗaɗi. Bayan mutuwarsa, dangin mamacin za su iya neman magani na kiyayewa, da ake kira ɓangaro da gawa. Wannan yana rage ruɓewar jiki kuma yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye shi. An riga an kiyaye lafiyar matattun shekaru 5000 da suka wuce: don haka Masarawa - da kuma a gabansu 'yan Tibet, Sinawa - sun yi wa matattunsu ado. A yau, wadannan ayyukan da ake yi a jikin wanda ya mutu ya kunshi maye gurbin jinin da ma'auni, ba tare da fitar da shi ba. Wannan kulawar kiyayewa, wanda ƙwararren mai gyaran fuska ne ke aiwatarwa, ba dole ba ne. Ana buƙatar magani gabaɗaya a cikin awanni XNUMX na mutuwa.

A cikin 1963 ne aka kirkiro kalmar dethana "topraxia". Wannan kalma ta samo asali daga Hellenanci: "Thanatos" shine hazakar mutuwa, kuma "praxein" yana nufin yin amfani da ra'ayin motsi, aiwatarwa. Sabo da haka sawa shine saitin hanyoyin fasaha da aka aiwatar don kiyaye gawarwaki bayan mutuwa. Wannan kalmar ta maye gurbin na "embalm", ma'ana "sa a cikin balm". Lallai, wannan suna ya daina yin daidai da sabbin dabarun kiyaye gawar mamacin. 

Tun daga 1976, hukumomin gwamnati sun amince da yin gyare-gyare, waɗanda suka amince da ruwa mai kiyayewa: saboda haka tun daga wannan ranar ne sunan "kulawa" ya shiga cikin dokokin jana'izar. Gyaran jiki yana kunshe da allurar maganin adanawa da tsafta a cikin tsarin jijiyoyin marigayin, kafin magudanar ruwa daga kogon thoracic da na ciki, ba tare da yin fiddawa ba.

An riga an kiyaye lafiyar marigayin shekaru 5000 da suka wuce. Masarawa - da kuma a gabansu 'yan Tibet, Sinawa - sun yi wa matattu wanka. Hakika, dabarun binne gawarwakin da aka nannade cikin mayafi da ajiye a cikin kaburburan yashi sun daina ba da izinin kiyayewa daidai. Da alama dabarar gyaran jiki ta Masar ta samo asali ne daga tsarin adana nama a cikin brine. 

Wannan tsari na kwantar da hankali yana da alaƙa sosai da imani na metaphysical a cikin metempsychosis, koyaswar bisa ga ruhin guda ɗaya na iya ɗaukar jikin da yawa a jere. Masanin tarihin Hellenanci Herodotus ya kuma bayyana cewa gaskatawar dawwama ta shafi kurwa da kuma jiki, muddin na ƙarshe bai ruɓe ba. Herodotus ya kwatanta hanyoyi uku na tarwatsawa da ’yan tarbar Masarawa suke yi, bisa ga hanyoyin kuɗi na iyalai.

A cewar wasu majiyoyi, yin gyaran fuska na zamani ya fito ne daga tsarin allurar jijiya da wani likitan fida na kasar Faransa Jean-Nicolas Gannal ya kirkira a cikin sojojin Amurka, wanda a wajajen shekara ta 1835 ya samo wannan dabarar adana gawawwaki, sannan ya ba da izinin yin amfani da ita: ya yi allurar ta hanyar arsenic. hanyar jijiya. Wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa zai fi kyau a yi wa likitocin da ba na soja ba ne, amma iyalan sojojin ne suka biya su, wadanda suka yi wannan aikin na kiyayewa kafin a dawo da “matattu a cikin yaki” har zuwa jana'izar. A kowane hali ya tabbata cewa wannan fasaha ta sami ci gaba a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka. Hanyar ta yadu a Faransa tun daga shekarun 1960.

Manufar yin gawa, wata dabarar kula da tsafta da kuma gabatar da mamacin, ita ce rage saurin rugujewar gawar. Don haka, a cewar masanin ilimin zamantakewa Hélène Gérard-Rosay, "Don gabatar da marigayin a cikin kyakkyawan yanayin ado da tsabta". Halin farko na wanda ya mutu yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar kulawar mai yin gasa. Bugu da kari, da zarar wannan maganin kwantar da hankali ya faru bayan mutuwa, sakamakon zai fi kyau. A haƙiƙa, yin ƙanƙara ya haɗa da duk magungunan da ake amfani da su da nufin rage saurin ruɓewa, don adanawa da adana jikin mamaci.

A halin yanzu, thanatopraxy, ko duk kulawar da aka ba mamaci, ya haɗa da dabarun da ke nufin jinkirta sakamakon da ba makawa biochemical, kuma mafi yawan lokuta masu rauni, na ɓarna (wanda ake kira thanatomorphosis) ga jikin zamantakewa. Masanin ilimin Louis-Vincent Thomas ya ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi jiki da na jiki, har ma da ƙawance, tsoma baki suna dakatar da tsarin cadaverization na ɗan lokaci kaɗan don "Don tabbatar da kulawa da gabatar da marigayin a karkashin ingantattun yanayin tsabtace jiki da tunani."

Kulawar da mai yin gasa ke yi yana nufin maye gurbin kusan dukkanin jinin marigayin tare da maganin alurar riga kafi, aseptic. Don haka, mai yin gyaran fuska yana amfani da trocar, wato kayan aikin tiyata mai kaifi da yankewa wanda ake amfani da shi wajen huda bugun zuciya da na ciki. Bangaren jiki na waje ya kasance a kiyaye shi. Kulawar da mai yin gyaran fuska ba dole ba ne, kuma dole ne 'yan'uwa su nema. Ana cajin waɗannan magungunan kashewa. A daya bangaren kuma, idan da gaske wannan al'ada ba ta wajaba a Faransa ba, to tana karkashin wasu sharudda ne, dangane da komawa kasashen waje a wasu kasashe.

An dakatar da shi a cikin 1846, arsenic wanda aka yi amfani da shi sannan aka maye gurbinsa da borated glycine a matsayin wakili mai shiga don jigilar ruwa mai adanawa cikin kyallen jikin mamacin. Sa'an nan kuma zai zama phenol da za a yi amfani da shi, wanda har yanzu ana amfani da shi a cikin kwaskwarima na zamani.

A daki-daki, ana yin maganin ƙwanƙwasawa kamar haka:

• An fara wanke jiki don gujewa yaduwar kwayoyin cuta;
• Sannan akwai hakowa ta hanyar huda iskar gas da kuma wani sashe na ruwayen jiki ta hanyar trocar;
• Ana yin allura a lokaci guda ta hanyar intra-arterial na maganin biocidal, formalin;
• Ana yin wicking da ligature don guje wa kwarara, idanu suna rufe. Masu gyaran fuska suna sanya murfin ido a wurin don rama idanuwan da suka zube;
• Jikin, to, an yi ado, an tsara shi kuma an gabatar da shi;
• A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, aikin ya ƙare tare da sanyawa, a idon sawun marigayin, na samfurin kwalabe wanda mai gyaran fuska ya sanya samfurin da ya yi amfani da shi don kula da kiyayewa.

Dole ne a sanya hannu a gaban izini daga magajin gari na wurin da aka mutu ko na wurin da aka yi maganin, wanda ya ambaci wurin da lokacin sa baki, suna da adireshin mai gyaran fuska da kuma ruwan sha. amfani.

Za a iya yin nau'i biyu na kulawa, tare da sakamakon kiyaye jiki na wani lokaci:

• Kulawa da gabatarwa, wanda ya ƙunshi bayan gida na jana'izar, ana kiransa kulawa ta yau da kullun don dalilai masu tsafta. Mai gyaran fuska yana wankewa, ya gyara jiki kuma ya sanya jiki ya toshe hanyoyin iska. Karewa, wanda sanyi ke yi, ana kiransa kiyayewar injina. An iyakance shi zuwa sa'o'i 48;
• Kulawa da kiyayewa yana da manufa mai tsafta da kyakkyawa. Mai gyaran fuska kuma yana yin bayan gida, gyaran fuska, tufatarwa, toshe hanyoyin iska, da ƙari, yana yin alluran adana ruwa. Sakamakon shine hasken haske na yadudduka. Wannan ruwa yana da fungicidal da bactericidal. Ta hanyar daskarewa kyallen takarda, yana ba da damar adana gawar mamacin a cikin zafin jiki har zuwa kwanaki shida.

Asalin kulawar kiyayewa, wanda muka ambata, gabaɗaya ga Masarawa, ba su da manufa iri ɗaya da waɗanda muke cim ma a yau. A yau, al'adar kula da kiyayewa a Faransa na da nufin kiyaye gawar mamacin cikin kyakkyawan yanayi. Sakamakon jinyar da mai yin gyaran fuska ya yi ya ba da damar ba da kwanciyar hankali ga mamacin, musamman lokacin da aka yi aikin ba da gawa bayan fama da rashin lafiya. Don haka, wannan kulawa yana ba tawagarin ingantaccen wurin yin bimbini. Kuma ‘yan uwan ​​mamacin sun fara zaman makoki cikin yanayi mai kyau.