Thalassemias jerin cututtukan jini ne na gado wanda ke shafar samar da haemoglobin (sunadaran da ke da alhakin jigilar oxygen). Suna bambanta da tsanani: wasu ba sa haifar da bayyanar cututtuka yayin da wasu ke barazanar rayuwa. Ana la'akari da dashen kasusuwa a cikin mafi tsanani lokuta.

Ma'anar thalassemia

Thalassemia yana da lahani a cikin samar da haemoglobin. A matsayin tunatarwa, haemoglobin babban sunadari ne da ke cikin jajayen sel (jajayen jini) wanda aikinsa shine tabbatar da jigilar dixoygene daga tsarin numfashi zuwa sauran jiki.

An ce thalassemia cuta ce ta jini. Ayyukan jigilar jajayen ƙwayoyin jini sun lalace, wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako akan jiki. A wannan lokaci, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa akwai nau'ikan thalassemia da yawa waɗanda ba su da halaye iri ɗaya ko matsakaicin matsakaici. Wasu ba su da alamun cutar yayin da wasu ke barazanar rayuwa.

Abubuwan da ke haifar da thalassemia

Thalassemias cututtuka ne na kwayoyin halitta. Suna faruwa ne saboda canjin kwayoyin halitta daya ko fiye da ke da hannu wajen hada sinadarin haemoglobin, kuma mafi daidai ga canjin kwayoyin halittar da ke da hannu wajen samar da sarkar sunadaran haemoglobin. Akwai hudu daga cikin waɗannan: sarƙoƙin alpha biyu da sarƙoƙin beta biyu.

Kowane ɗayan waɗannan sarƙoƙi na iya shafar thalassemia. Hakanan zamu iya bambanta:

• alpha-thalassemias halin da wani canji na alpha sarkar;
• beta-thalassemias halin da wani canji na beta sarkar.

Tsananin alpha thalassemias da beta thalassaemias ya dogara da adadin kwayoyin halitta da aka canza. Mafi mahimmancin shi, mafi girman girman girman girman.

Ganewar thalassemia

Ana gano cutar ta thalassemia ta hanyar gwajin jini. Cikakken adadin jinin yana ba da damar auna bayyanar da adadin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini, don haka sanin jimlar adadin haemoglobin. Binciken biochemical na haemoglobin yana ba da damar bambance alpha-thalassemias daga beta-thalassaemias. A ƙarshe, nazarin kwayoyin halitta yana ba da damar kimanta adadin ƙwayoyin halittar da aka canza don haka don ayyana tsananin thalassaemia.

Mutanen da abin ya shafa

Thalassemias cuta ce ta gado ta gado, wato daga iyaye zuwa yara. Suna isa ga mutane daga bakin tekun Bahar Rum, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya da yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.

A Faransa, an kiyasta yawan alpha-thalassemia a 1 cikin mutane 350. An yi kiyasin faruwar cutar beta-thalassemia a haihuwa 000 a kowace shekara 1 a duniya.

Alamun thalassemia sun bambanta sosai daga yanayi zuwa hali, kuma sun dogara da yawa akan yanayin canjin kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin samar da sarkar sunadaran haemoglobin. Thalassemias na iya zama mara lahani a cikin ƙananan nau'ikan su kuma ya zama mai barazanar rayuwa a cikin mafi tsananin nau'ikan su.

Alamomin da aka ambata a ƙasa sun shafi matsakaita zuwa manyan nau'ikan thalassemia ne kawai. Waɗannan su ne kawai manyan alamomin. Ana iya ganin takamaiman alamun wasu lokuta dangane da nau'in thalassemia.

anemia

Alamar alamar thalassemia ita ce anemia. Wannan rashin haemoglobin ne wanda zai iya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka daban-daban:

• gajiya;
• rashin numfashi;
• pallor;
• rashin jin daɗi;
• bugun zuciya.

Ƙarfin waɗannan alamun ya bambanta dangane da tsananin thalassaemia.

jaundice

Mutanen da ke da thalassemia na iya samun jaundice (jaundice) da ake iya gani akan fata ko fararen idanu. 

Gallstones

Hakanan ana iya ganin samuwar dutse a cikin gallbladder. Lissafi kamar "kananan duwatsu".

Splenomegaly

Splenomegaly shine haɓakar ɓarna. Daya daga cikin ayyukan wannan gabobin shine tace jini da tace abubuwa masu cutarwa da suka hada da jajayen kwayoyin halitta marasa kyau. A cikin thalassemia, saifa yana motsawa sosai kuma yana ƙaruwa da girma a hankali. Za a iya jin zafi.

Sauran, alamun da ba kasafai ba

Da wuya, nau'in thalassemia mai tsanani zai iya haifar da wasu rashin daidaituwa. Misali, ana iya lura:

• hepatomegaly, wato karuwa a girman hanta;
• nakasar kashi;
• jinkirta ci gaban yara;
• ciwon ciki.

Gudanar da thalassemia yana da mahimmanci don iyakance faruwar waɗannan rikice-rikice.

Gudanar da thalassaemia ya dogara da sigogi da yawa ciki har da nau'in thalassaemia, tsananinta da yanayin mutumin da abin ya shafa. Mafi ƙananan nau'ikan ba sa buƙatar magani yayin da manyan nau'ikan suna buƙatar kulawar likita na yau da kullun.

Magungunan da aka ambata a ƙasa sun shafi matsakaita zuwa manyan nau'ikan thalassemia ne kawai

Gyaran anemia

Lokacin da rashin haemoglobin ya yi yawa, ƙarin jini na yau da kullun ya zama dole. Sun haɗa da allurar wanda abin ya shafa da jini ko jajayen ƙwayoyin jinin da aka karɓa daga mai bayarwa don kiyaye matakin da aka yarda da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini a cikin jini.

Vitamin B9 kari

Ana iya ba da shawara don fara karin bitamin B9 kullum saboda buƙatar wannan bitamin yana karuwa a lokuta na thalassaemia. Vitamin B9 yana shiga cikin samar da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini.

Splenectomy

A splenectomy shine cirewar da aka yi da maƙarƙashiya. Ana iya la'akari da wannan aikin lokacin da anemia yana da mahimmanci.

Maganin hawan ƙarfe

Mutanen da ke da thalassemia suna da nauyin ƙarfe a jikinsu. Wannan tarin zai iya haifar da rikitarwa daban-daban. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ake ba da masu gyaran ƙarfe don cire baƙin ƙarfe da yawa.

Rowarɓaron ƙafafunsa

Dashen kasusuwa shine kawai magani wanda zai iya warkar da thalassemia na dindindin. Wannan magani ne mai nauyi wanda kawai ana ba da shi a cikin mafi tsananin nau'ikan cutar.

Thalassemia cuta ce ta gado. Babu matakan kariya.

A wani bangaren kuma, gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta sun sa a iya gano masu dauke da lafiya (mutanen da ke da kwayar halitta daya ko fiye da suka canza amma ba su da lafiya). Yakamata a sanar da wasu ma'aurata lafiyayyu game da haɗarin haihuwar yaro tare da thalassemia. A wasu lokuta, wannan haɗari na iya kimantawa ta wurin likitan ilimin halittu. Hakanan ana iya la'akari da ganewar asali na haihuwa a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi. Ya kamata a tattauna da likitan ku.