Sternum (daga Latin sternum, daga Girkanci sternon) ƙashi ne na ƙashi wanda ya ƙunshi ƙashin haƙarƙarin a tsakiyar ɓangaren sa.

Sternum ƙashi ne mai leɓe wanda yake gaban kirji, a tsakiyar layin jiki (a tsakiya). Yana bayyana a kowane gefe tare da hakarkarinsa na farko guda bakwai tare da maƙallan da ya kafa haɗin gwiwa na sternoclavicular. An sanya shi a farfajiya ƙarƙashin fata, yana gaban babban ɓangaren zuciya.

Ana yin kashin ƙirjin ne daga haɗe kashi kashi uku:

• Le rike sternal,
• Jikin kashin nono,
• Tsarin xiphoid.

Akwai mahimman alamomin anatomical guda uku:

• Gwargwadon jugular yana nuna gefen saman sternum. Yana da sauƙi a taɓa ƙarƙashin fata, shi ne m da muke ji a gindin wuyansa.
• Ƙunƙarar ƙwanƙolin tana kan iyakar manubrium sternal da jiki. Har ila yau palpable, yana tsaye a cikin siffar tsintsiya madaidaiciya.
• Haɗin gwiwa na ƙasa, wanda yake a mahaɗin tsakanin jikin sternum da tsarin xiphoid.

Sternum yana shiga cikin samuwar tsarin kashi na haƙarƙarin haƙarƙari. Ƙashin haƙarƙari da ƙashin ƙugu yana haɗuwa da shi don kammala shi.

Karayar Sternum :

Ƙunƙarar ɓarna tana da alaƙa da rauni, ko kai tsaye ko a kaikaice. Tasirin kai tsaye na iya kasancewa saboda haɗarin mota (latsa wurin zama a kan kirji ko tasirin sitiyari) ko kuma ya shafi wasanni. Abubuwan da ke haifar da karaya a kaikaice na iya faruwa ba zato ba tsammani a cikin tsofaffi masu ciwon osteoporosis, misali. An kuma gano karayar damuwa a cikin 'yan wasa bayan maimaita motsa jiki na sama. Waɗannan karyewar ƙashin ƙirjin na iya faruwa a keɓe ko kuma a haɗa su da wasu raunin da ya faru:

- An ware: sternum kawai ya shafa. Yawancin marasa lafiya suna warkewa gaba ɗaya bayan makonni da yawa na rashin lafiya.

- An haɗa shi da wasu raunin da ya faru: kashi biyu bisa uku na raunin sternum yana da alaƙa da manyan cututtukan da ke haifar da mutuwa a cikin 25 zuwa 45% na lokuta (3). Waɗannan raunin zasu iya shafar kyallen takarda kawai ko su shiga cikin zurfin haƙarƙarin haƙarƙarin (ɓarkewar haƙarƙari, zuciya, huhu da lalacewar kashin baya, da sauransu).

Rushewar Sternoclavicular : dislocation na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin clavicle da sternum, yana da sau huɗu ƙasa da na acromioclavicular.

Ƙunƙun zuma : suna da dalilai da yawa kuma wani lokacin ana iya jin su a cikin sternum. Waɗannan baƙin ciki gabaɗaya suna faruwa ne saboda cututtukan zuciya (misali infarction na myocardial) ko cututtukan jijiyoyin jini (misali embolism na huhu) kuma suna buƙatar magani na gaggawa.

Ramin waje : m malformation na sternum, na unknown dalilin. A lokacin rayuwar amfrayo, yana haifar da lahani a cikin haɗin sandunan ƙashi da ake nufin su zama sternum, wanda yawanci yana faruwa daga sama zuwa ƙasa don rufe shi gaba ɗaya. Yin tiyata a cikin makonni na farko bayan haihuwa yana rufe ƙashin ƙirjin kuma ta haka yana kare zuciya da manyan tasoshin bayansa.

sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis . Zai fi dacewa yana shafar mutum mai matsakaicin shekaru. Babban alamar shine kumburi mai zafi a cikin kashin nono.

Tumors na ƙashin ƙirji : Ciwace -ciwacen kasusuwa na bangon kirji da wuya a iya samun su akan ƙashin ƙirji ko ƙashin wuya. Wannan nau'in ƙwayar ƙashi yana wakiltar ƙasa da kashi 5% na duk ɓarnar ƙashi (6).

Pathologies na sternum suna faruwa ne saboda rauni na waje ko cututtukan da ba a san su ba. Don haka yana da wahala a hana su.

Harshen waje: aikin shigar da allura cikin kashin ƙirji don cire ɓarɓashin kashi. Wannan bargo yana ƙunshe da abin da ake kira sel hematopoietic, waɗanda suke a asalin sel daban-daban na jini. Nazarin dakin gwaje -gwaje na waɗannan sel shine myelogram. Ana amfani da shi don tantance rashin daidaituwa a ɗayan layin sel na jini. Hakanan ana iya aiwatar da wannan hucin a cikin ƙashin ƙashin ƙugu, to yana hucin lumbar.

Gwajin hoto:

• Radiography: dabarar hoton likita da ke amfani da X-ray. Radiography na sternum ko sternoclavicular gidajen abinci shine daidaitaccen gwajin tunani a cikin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da rauni.
• Scanner: dabarar hoto wacce ta ƙunshi “bincika” wani yanki na jiki don ƙirƙirar hotunan sashe, godiya ga amfani da hasken X-ray. Muna kuma magana game da lissafin tomography ko CT scans. Wannan jarrabawar tana ba da damar gani mai kyau na kashin medullary har ma da kyallen kyallen haɗin gwiwa da kusa da haɗin gwiwa.
• MRI (hoton maganadisu na maganadisu): gwajin likita don dalilai na bincike ana aiwatar da shi ta amfani da babban na'urar sililin da ake samar da filin maganadisu da raƙuman rediyo. Yana ba da madaidaitan hotuna na kashin ma'adinai na sternum.
• Bone scintigraphy: dabarar hoto wacce ta ƙunshi gudanar da majinyaci mai binciken rediyo wanda ke yaduwa cikin jiki ko cikin gabobin da za a bincika. Don haka, mara lafiya ne ke “fitar” da hasken da na'urar za ta ɗauka. Scintigraphy yana ba da damar lura da kasusuwa da haɗin gwiwa. A lokuta na sternum, ana amfani dashi musamman don ganewar sternocosto-clavicular hyperostosis.

An kiyasta cewa kashi 5% na yawan mutanen duniya suna da “sifar siffa”, ko raunin mahaifa, ko buɗewa a jikin ƙashin ƙirjin. Wannan ramin, kwatankwacin wanda harsashi ya bari ta ratsa kashin ƙirji, a zahiri an yi bayanin shi ta hanyar lahani a cikin ossification (8,9).