Contents
Kowa ya san wannan cactus mai wuya tare da 'ya'yan itatuwa masu cin abinci. Prickly pear yana da lebur, m harbe na zagaye ko m siffar, wani irin kunnuwa ko lebur da wuri. Suna girma daga juna a kusurwoyi daban-daban, suna samar da silhouettes masu ban mamaki. Ya faru cewa matafiyi da ya fada cikin irin wannan kurmi ba shi da sauki ko kadan fita daga wurin.
Harbe na prickly pear, kamar duk cacti, suna da halos - gyare-gyaren axillary buds tare da dogayen kaifi masu kaifi da bunches na spines na bakin ciki - glochidia. Wadannan villi suna da ban tsoro sosai. A karshen suna da darajoji, kamar kan kibiya. Lokacin da suke hulɗa da fata, suna watsewa kuma suna haɗawa da ita, suna haifar da haushi da ƙaiƙayi.
Fure-fure masu fure-fure suna da kaɗaici, masu ɗumbin yawa, manyan kuma masu ban sha'awa, suna tunawa da wardi. Launi shine fari, rawaya, orange, ja a cikin tabarau daban-daban.
'Ya'yan itãcen marmari ne babba, m kuma tare da ƙaya a waje. Tattara su a cikin m safar hannu. Tsaba suna da duhu, zagaye, tare da harsashi mai wuya (1).
A cikin yanayi na wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi, ana shuka pear prickly azaman abinci da shukar fodder - wannan shine abincin jakuna da aka fi so. Matasa harbe, kwasfa na ƙaya da glochidia, ana amfani da su azaman kayan lambu - sabo ne, soyayyen, gasa, pickled. Manyan 'ya'yan itatuwa masu zaki, duk da wahalar tsaftace su, da kuma yawan nau'in iri mai wuyar gaske a matsayin juzu'i, abinci ne a cikin ƙasashe da yawa. Ana amfani da su don shirya molasses, jam, danyen jam, marmalade, marshmallow, busassun 'ya'yan itace, abin sha - syrup, ruwan 'ya'yan itace da ruwan inabi. A tsibirin Malta, kamfanoni da yawa suna samar da sa hannun ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano Baitra (Bajtra) daga 'ya'yan itacen pear, wanda masu yawon bude ido ke ɗauka tare da su.
Ba tare da prickly pear da magani Properties. Ruwan 'ya'yan itace na wasu nau'ikansa yana da tasirin warkar da rauni. Ana amfani da harbe-harbe na nama a cikin maganin jama'a don matsawa da kuma maganin konewa.
A cikin tsohuwar harbe na prickly pear ba itace rotting ba - mai karfi, amma a lokaci guda porous da winding. Ana yin alƙalami, alkaluma, kayan ado masu gogewa daga gare ta.
A cikin aikin lambu na ado, ana amfani da pear prickly a cikin shimfidar wuri a cikin lambuna da wuraren shakatawa, da shinge.
A matsayin tsire-tsire na gida, an san pear prickly tun farkon karni na 2, amma a cikin gida suna yin fure ba tare da son rai ba kuma kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu kyau, kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, kada ku ba da 'ya'yan itace. Duk da haka, a cikin lambuna na hunturu da ganuwar da aka yi da katako mai zafi na gidaje da gidaje na ƙasa, damar da suke da ita don cikakken yanayin rayuwa na harbe suna karuwa sosai, musamman tare da ƙarin haske (XNUMX).
Tsire-tsire matasa yawanci suna fure a shekaru 10 ko sama da haka.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
A cewar wani tsohon almara, Aztecs, waɗanda suka gaji da yawo na dogon lokaci a cikin tsaunuka, sun tsaya a gabar kyakkyawan tafkin Texcoco, sai suka ga gaggafa tana yaga maciji a kan wani babban pear. Ya kasance alama ce mai kyau na alloli kuma kabilar ta kafa birnin Tenochtitlan a nan - "Wuri na pear mai tsarki" - birnin Mexico na yanzu. Yanzu wannan yanayin daga almara yana nunawa a kan rigar makamai na Mexican.
Nau'in pear prickly
Fiye da nau'in pear 350 an san su a yanayi. Amma kaɗan daga cikinsu ana amfani da su a al'ada.
Pear pear (Opuntia microdasys). Karamin tsire-tsire mai girma har zuwa 60 cm tsayi don furen fure na cikin gida. Tushen ya ƙunshi sassan kore mai duhu mai duhu har zuwa tsayin 15 cm tare da halos-pads na glochidia mai launin rawaya - rawaya, ja da farar lu'u-lu'u (siffa). Albinospina). Furen suna rawaya. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari manyan ja ne.
Opuntia Bergera (Opuntia bergeriana). Yana girma har zuwa 1 m. Harshen suna elongated, haske kore, tare da dogayen rawaya spines. Blooms tun yana ƙarami, kuma da yawa. Furen suna orange-ja tare da koren pistil.
Farin gashi na pear (Opuntia leucotricha). Furen furanni suna elongated - har zuwa 25 cm. Siffar wannan nau'in shine dogayen fararen kashin baya, wanda duk harbe-harbe ke da dige-dige. Furen suna ƙanana, rawaya na zinariya.
Pickly Pear (Opuntia cylindrica). Tsire-tsire masu tushe na cylindrical na yau da kullun ga pear prickly, ana kuma kiran su pterocactus.
Opuntia Indiyanci, ko fig (Opuntia ficus-indica). Gangar itace ce a gindin. Harbe kore zaitun. Yawancin spines na kirim suna kan ƙananan halos. Furen suna da haske amber, tare da launin zinari. A cikin yanayi, yana ba da girbi mai kyau na 'ya'yan itatuwa masu dadi da ƙanshi.
Pear Gosselin (Opuntia gosseliniana). Tsire-tsire suna farawa daga shekaru 5. A cikin matasa prickly pear harbe suna ja, a cikin manya suna blue-kore tare da silvery sheen. Sai kawai na sama na sassan an bazu tare da dogayen kashin baya masu laushi. Furen suna rawaya, masu kamshi.
Kula da pear a gida
Prickly pear yana da sauƙin girma kuma yana dacewa da yanayi daban-daban. Don lokacin rani, yana da kyawawa don sake mayar da shi zuwa iska mai kyau - zuwa baranda ko ma zuwa gidan rani. A cikin lokacin budding da fure, ba za a iya daidaita tsire-tsire daga wuri zuwa wuri ba, wannan yana barazanar faɗuwa daga furanni (3).
Ground
Don pear prickly, ƙasa na musamman don cacti da succulents ko cakuda ƙasa na abubuwan da ke gaba sun dace: ƙasa soddy, yashi mai laushi, tsakuwa mai kyau ko yumbu mai faɗi (2: 3: 1) tare da ƙari na yumbu (4).
lighting
Manyan shuke-shuken pear masu lafiya suna samuwa ne kawai tare da tsananin haske. Mafi kyawun wuri shine taga kudu ko kusa da shi, an kiyaye shi daga hasken rana kai tsaye (4).
Zafin jiki
A cikin hunturu, ana adana pear a cikin zafin jiki na 5 - 15 ° C da ƙasa da ƙarancin iska. A yanayin zafi mafi girma, tsire-tsire suna shimfiɗawa kuma suna raunana.
A lokacin rani, zafin jiki mai kyau shine 23 - 30 ° C, amma a ka'ida, tsire-tsire suna jure wa yanayin zafi mai yawa (4).
zafi
Cacti suna jure wa fari kuma har ma a gida na iya rayuwa na dogon lokaci ba tare da ban ruwa ba. Saboda haka, ana shayar da su sosai, amma da wuya:
- a lokacin girma - 1 lokaci a cikin kwanaki 10 - 15, dangane da zafin jiki da bushewa na ƙasa;
- a cikin hunturu - 1 lokaci a cikin kwanaki 20 - 25 (har zuwa ruwa na gaba, ƙasa ya kamata ya bushe, a ƙananan yanayin zafi, an dakatar da shayarwa).
Yi amfani da ruwa mai laushi kawai. Wajibi ne a shayar da ruwa daga tukunyar ruwa tare da gefen tukunyar don kada ruwa ya fada a kan tsire-tsire.
Kuma duk da haka, m isa, prickly pear, da sauran cacti, kuma, son spraying, domin a cikin yanayi kowace safiya suna rufe da kananan saukad da na raɓa. Don haka, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci suna buƙatar fesa su. Kuna buƙatar mai fesa hazo mai kyau. Ana cika gwangwani da ruwan dumi (30 – 35 ° C), idan an fesa, sai ya huce.
Dakin da pear ke tsiro dole ne ya kasance yana samun iska akai-akai (4).
Taki da taki
Pickly pear, kamar yawancin cacti, daga bazara zuwa ƙarshen lokacin rani, sau ɗaya a wata, ana ciyar da su tare da hadadden takin ma'adinai don cacti da succulents ko taki na ruwa don cacti. Takin zamani bai dace da wadannan mazauna hamada ba. Ana shirya mafita bisa ga umarnin.
Ana dakatar da hadi a cikin kaka (2).
trimming
Ba a buƙatar yankan yau da kullun. Ana yin shi ne kawai lokacin da cactus yana buƙatar taimako, ko don canza kamannin shuka, ba shi kyakkyawan tsari ko rage girmansa kawai. Sau da yawa yankan harbe suna shimfiɗa bayan hunturu (2).
Sake haifuwa na pear a gida
Yankewa. Wannan ita ce babbar hanya. Ana yanke harbe-harbe a farkon asalin, an bushe tsawon kwanaki 1-3 a cikin inuwa kuma an dasa su don yin tushe, zurfafa dan kadan, a cikin cakuda peat da yashi mai haifuwa (1: 1). Substrate yana ɗan ɗanɗano ɗanɗano, kuma akwati tare da shuke-shuke an rufe shi da fim na bakin ciki ko masana'anta mara saƙa akan firam. Ana kiyaye zafin jiki a 20 ° C.
Lokacin da sababbin buds suka bayyana akan rike, ana dasa shi cikin tukunyar dindindin.
Tsaba. 'Ya'yan itacen pear suna da harsashi mai wuyar gaske, don haka dole ne a tsoratar da su kafin shuka - yi ƙananan ƙira tare da fayil ɗin ƙusa. Sa'an nan kuma ana jiƙa tsaba na minti 30 a cikin ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda na potassium permanganate kuma bayan haka na tsawon sa'o'i 12 a cikin ruwan dumi, na canza shi sau da yawa. Bayan irin wannan shirye-shiryen, ana shuka tsaba a cikin ƙasa mai bushe na abun da ke ciki kuma an rufe akwati da gilashi. Bayan haka, ana fesa substrate lokaci-lokaci. Ana kiyaye zafin jiki a 22 ° C.
Germination na iya ɗaukar har zuwa wata ɗaya kuma yana da mahimmanci cewa tsaba ba su rube ba. Tsiran da suka girma suna nutsewa cikin ƙananan tukwane (2).
Opuntia dashi a gida
Ana dasa pears na matasa a kowace shekara ko kowace shekara, manya - sau ɗaya kowace shekara 4 - 5, yayin da suke girma ko lokacin da ƙasa ta ƙare.
Sake dasa cacti ya fi sauƙi fiye da sauran tsire-tsire na cikin gida, ana samun sauƙin sakin tushen su daga ƙasa kuma rayuwa yawanci yana da girma.
Mafi kyawun lokacin dasawa shine a ƙarshen hunturu. Ya kamata a daina shayarwa a cikin mako guda. Sabuwar tukunya a diamita yakamata ya zama 2 - 3 cm ya fi na baya girma. Ana binne tsire-tsire har zuwa matakin wuyan tushen.
Za a iya musanya dashen dasawa tare da jigilar kaya a cikin manyan kwantena yayin da ake ci gaba da ɗorawa ƙasa.
Tsire-tsire da aka dasa suna fara shayarwa bayan kwanaki 10 zuwa 12 (5).
prickly pear cututtuka
Cacti sun fi dacewa da ilimin lissafi - cututtuka marasa cututtuka waɗanda ke tasowa a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ba su da kyau ga tsire-tsire. Iskar da ba ta da kyau a cikin dakin da ba ta da iska, zafi mai zafi na iska da kasa, musamman a yanayin zafi kadan, na taimakawa wajen bullowa da yaduwar cututtuka.
Babban alamun cututtuka:
Brown spots a kan harbe. Dalili kuwa shine akan shayarwa.
Ana yanke sassan da abin ya shafa zuwa nama mai lafiya kuma ana bi da su tare da murƙushe gawayi.
Ganyen kuraje. Wannan yawanci saboda rashin haske ko wuce haddi.
Ana ba da shawarar sake shirya shuka a wuri mai haske kuma daidaita shayarwa.
Kashe girma. Sakamakon wuce gona da iri a cikin hunturu da (ko) ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, gami da abubuwan ganowa.
Ruwan da ya dace da takin zamani zai gyara yanayin.
Tsire-tsire masu rauni na iya kamuwa da cututtukan fungal: marigayi bugun jini (rigar rot) kuma phomosis(bushewar rube). Don kare su, ana amfani da fungicides - cakuda Bordeaux, Fundazol, Polyhom (3).
Cututtukan pear
Babban kwari na pear prickly sune gizo-gizo mites da mealybugs, sikelin kwari da yardar rai zauna a kan harbe, da nematodes a kan tushen. Binciken tsire-tsire na yau da kullun zai ba ku damar lura da bayyanar kwari nan da nan kuma ku ɗauki mataki.
Spider mite. Yana haɓaka da sauri a cikin busasshiyar wuri mara iskar iska. Yana ciyar da ruwan 'ya'yan itace tantanin halitta, galibi akan harbe matasa. Tare da shan kashi mai ƙarfi, pear prickly yana daina girma, kuma launin harbe ya canza zuwa rawaya ko ja.
Acaricides sun dace da magani: Neoron, Sunmite, da dai sauransu - bisa ga umarnin.
Mealybug. Tare da tarin waɗannan ƙananan kwari, cacti kamar an yayyafa shi da gari. Farin kullun ovipositions kuma ana iya gani a fili.
A matakin farko na kamuwa da cuta, ana iya wanke kwari da ƙwai tare da goga mai ɗanɗano. Ana kula da tsire-tsire masu cutarwa da magungunan kashe kwari - Aktellik, Fufanon (6), da sauransu, kuma an rufe su da filastik na kwana ɗaya.
A kan nematodes An zubar da ƙasa sau biyu, tare da tazara na kwanaki 7 - 10, tare da nematicides (Vidat, Nematofagin-Mikopro, da dai sauransu), bisa ga umarnin. Shchitovok galibi ana cire su ta hanyar injiniya, sannan ana wanke harbe tare da rauni mai rauni na potassium permanganate (3).
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
A baya-bayan nan, a Meziko, an yi shuka gabaɗayan ciyayi na pear don haifar da aphids masu gashi - cochineal, daga abin da aka samu fentin rasberi mai mahimmanci - carmine. Da zuwan rini na roba, dilution na cochineal ya ragu sosai, amma har yanzu ana amfani da carmine na halitta a cikin masana'antar abinci da turare, da kuma binciken kimiyyar halittu da kuma lalata shirye-shiryen histological don dubawa a karkashin na'urar hangen nesa.
Shahararrun tambayoyi da amsoshi
An amsa tambayoyi na yau da kullun na masu shuka furanni game da pear prickly kyandir s.-x ku. Irina Titova kimiyya.
Zabi shuka mai lafiya a waje. Lokacin da ka yanke shawara, yi shawarwari tare da mai sayarwa kuma a hankali cire pear daga cikin tukunya don tabbatar da cewa tushen yana da kyau - ya kamata su zama fari kuma an yi ado da ƙwallon ƙasa.
An fi son tukwane na yumbu.
A tushen tushen, an yanke saman; a scion, ƙananan sashi tare da tushen. Ana amfani da dasa nan da nan a kan tushen tushen, yana haɗa zoben cambial kamar yadda zai yiwu, an ɗaure shi da filasta a bangarorin biyu. Ana adana shukar da aka dasa a zazzabi da bai ƙasa da 20 ° C ba a cikin hasken rana da aka watsar kuma ana fesa kowace rana.
Ya kamata a dasa pear a kan tudu, an kiyaye shi daga iskar arewa. Cire duk weeds, tushen da tarkace daga ƙasa - suna da guba ga tushen pear prickly.
Don hunturu, pear prickly an rufe shi da rassan spruce, kuma a saman - tare da masana'anta da ba a saka ba a kan firam.
Tushen
- Takhtajan AL Rayuwar Shuka, juzu'i na 5 (1) // M .: Ilimi, 1982
- Kulish SV Prickly pear. Jagora mai amfani. Jerin: Shahararrun tsire-tsire na cikin gida a duniya // M .: AST / Stalker, 2005 - 2008
- Semenov DV Cacti da sauran succulents // M.: Fiton +, 2013
- Semenov DV cacti. Cikakken littafin tunani // M.: AST-Press, 2004
- Udalova RA, Vyugina NG A cikin duniyar cacti // M.: Nauka, 1983
- Kasidar Jiha na magungunan kashe qwari da agrochemicals da aka ba da izini don amfani a yankin Tarayyar har zuwa Yuli 6, 2021 // Ma'aikatar Noma ta Tarayya
https://mcx.gov.ru/ministry/departments/departament-rastenievodstva-mekhanizatsii-khimizatsii-i-zashchity-rasteniy/industry-information/info-gosudarstvennaya-usluga-po-gosudarstvennoy-registratsii-pestitsidov-i-agrokhimikatov/