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Wataƙila kun ji labarin Dokar Pareto ko ƙa'idar 20/80. A ƙarshen karni na 19, masanin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma kuma masanin tattalin arziki na Italiya Vilfredo Pareto ya gano cewa rarraba dukiya a cikin al'umma ba daidai ba ne kuma yana ƙarƙashin wani dogara: tare da karuwa a cikin dukiya, yawan masu arziki yana raguwa da yawa tare da daidaituwa na yau da kullum ( tsakanin gidajen Italiya, 80% na samun kudin shiga ya kasance a cikin 20% na iyalai). Daga baya, wannan ra'ayin ya ci gaba a cikin littafinsa Richard Koch, wanda ya ba da shawarar samar da "Principle 20/80" na duniya (20% na ƙoƙari ya ba da 80% na sakamakon). A aikace, ba a bayyana wannan doka a cikin kyawawan lambobi (karanta "The Long Tail" na Chris Anderson), amma a fili yana nuna rashin daidaituwa na albarkatun, riba, farashi, da dai sauransu.
A cikin nazarin kasuwanci, ana yawan gina ginshiƙi na Pareto don wakiltar wannan rashin daidaituwa. Ana iya amfani da shi don nuna gani, alal misali, waɗanne kayayyaki ko abokan ciniki ke kawo riba mafi yawa. Yawanci yana kama da haka:
Babban fasalinsa:
- Kowane ginshiƙin shuɗi na lissafin lissafin yana wakiltar ribar samfurin a cikin cikakkiyar raka'a kuma an ƙirƙira shi tare da axis na hagu.
- Jadawalin lemu yana wakiltar adadin yawan ribar (watau rabon ribar bisa ga ƙima).
- A kan iyakar sharadi na kashi 80%, ana zana layin da ke kwance kofa don tsabta. Duk kaya zuwa hagu na madaidaicin layin wannan layin tare da jadawali na ribar da aka tara sun kawo mana 80% na kuɗin, duk kaya zuwa dama - sauran 20%.
Bari mu ga yadda ake gina ginshiƙi na Pareto a cikin Microsoft Excel da kanku.
Zabin 1. Taswirar Pareto mai sauƙi dangane da bayanan da aka shirya
Idan bayanan tushen sun zo muku a cikin nau'i na tebur mai kama (wato, an riga an gama su):
… to mu yi da wadannan.
Tsara tebur a cikin tsarin faɗuwar riba (tab Bayanai - Rarraba) kuma ƙara ginshiƙi tare da dabara don ƙididdige yawan adadin riba:
Wannan dabara ta raba jimillar ribar da aka tara daga farkon jeri zuwa abu na yanzu da jimillar ribar ga dukkan teburi. Mun kuma ƙara ginshiƙi mai tsayin daka na 80% don ƙirƙirar layin da aka tsinke a kwance a ginshiƙi na gaba:
Muna zaɓar duk bayanan kuma muna gina tarihin yau da kullun akan shafin Saka - Histogram (Saka - Shafin Shafi). Ya kamata yayi kama da wani abu kamar haka:
Ya kamata a aika jerin kaso a cikin ginshiƙi da aka samu tare da axis na biyu (dama). Don yin wannan, kuna buƙatar zaɓar layuka tare da linzamin kwamfuta, amma wannan zai iya zama da wahala, tun da yake suna da wuya a gani a baya na manyan ginshiƙan riba. Don haka yana da kyau a yi amfani da jerin abubuwan da aka saukar akan shafin don haskakawa Layout or format:
Sannan danna dama akan layin da aka zaba sannan ka zabi umarnin Tsarin Bayanan Bayanai kuma a cikin taga da ya bayyana, zaɓi zaɓi A kan axis na biyu (Secondary Axis). Sakamakon haka, zanenmu zai yi kama da haka:
Don jerin Rarraba Riba da Ƙaddamarwa, kuna buƙatar canza nau'in ginshiƙi daga ginshiƙai zuwa layi. Don yin wannan, danna kowane ɗayan waɗannan layuka kuma zaɓi umarnin Canza Jadawalin Jadawalin Jeri.
Abin da ya rage shi ne a zaɓi layin da ke kwance a kwance a tsara shi ta yadda zai yi kama da layi mai yankewa maimakon bayanai (watau cire alamomi, sanya layin ya jajaye, da sauransu). Ana iya yin duk wannan ta danna dama akan layi kuma zaɓi umarnin Tsarin Bayanan Bayanai. Yanzu zanen zai ɗauki siffarsa ta ƙarshe:
A cewarsa, za mu iya cewa kashi 80% na ribar da aka samu daga kayan 5 na farko ne, kuma duk sauran kayan da ke hannun dama na dankalin turawa suna da kashi 20% na ribar.
A cikin Excel 2013, zaku iya yin shi har ma da sauƙi - yi amfani da sabon nau'in ginshiƙi na haɗin kai kai tsaye lokacin yin ƙira:
Zabin 2: PivotTable da Pivot Pareto Chart
Abin da za a yi idan babu bayanan da aka shirya don ginawa, amma kawai ainihin bayanan danyen aiki? Bari mu ɗauka cewa a farkon muna da tebur tare da bayanan tallace-tallace kamar haka:
Don gina ginshiƙi na Pareto akansa kuma gano samfuran samfuran da suka fi siyarwa, za ku fara bincika bayanan tushen. Hanya mafi sauƙi don yin wannan ita ce tare da tebur pivot. Zaɓi kowane tantanin halitta a teburin tushe kuma yi amfani da umarnin Saka - Tebur Pivot (Saka - Tebur Pivot). A cikin tsakiyar taga wanda ya bayyana, kada ku canza komai kuma danna OK, sannan a cikin rukunin da ke bayyana a hannun dama, ja filayen bayanan tushen daga sama zuwa wuraren ƙasa na shimfidar teburin pivot na gaba:
Sakamakon yakamata ya zama tebur taƙaice tare da jimlar kudaden shiga na kowane samfur:
Rarraba shi cikin tsarin shiga na gangarowa ta hanyar saita tantanin halitta mai aiki zuwa ginshiƙi Adadin da ke cikin filin Haraji da kuma amfani da irin button От Я до А (Daga Z zuwa A) tab data.
Yanzu muna buƙatar ƙara ginshiƙi ƙididdigewa tare da tara ribar riba. Don yin wannan, ja filin kuma Revenue zuwa yankin dabi'u a hannun dama don samun ginshiƙi mai kwafi a cikin pivot. Sannan danna-dama akan ginshiƙin cloned kuma zaɓi umarni Ƙarin ƙididdiga - % na jimlar gudana a cikin filin (Nuna Bayanai Kamar yadda - % Jimlar Gudu A). A cikin taga da ya bayyana, zaɓi filin sunan, wanda adadin kudaden shiga zai tara daga sama zuwa kasa. Fitowar ya kamata tayi kama da wannan tebur:
Kamar yadda kake gani, wannan kusan tebur ne da aka shirya daga sashin farko na labarin. Ba shi da cikakkiyar farin ciki kawai shafi mai ƙima na 80% don gina layin yanke a cikin zane na gaba. Ana iya ƙara irin wannan ginshiƙi cikin sauƙi ta amfani da filin ƙididdigewa. Hana kowane lamba a cikin taƙaitaccen bayani sannan danna shafin Gida - Saka - Filin Lissafi (Gida - Saka - Filin Lissafi). A cikin taga da yake buɗewa, shigar da sunan filin da tsarinsa (a cikin yanayinmu, akai-akai):
Bayan danna kan OK za a ƙara ginshiƙi na uku zuwa teburin tare da ƙimar 80% a cikin dukkan sel, kuma a ƙarshe zai ɗauki fom ɗin da ake buƙata. Sannan zaku iya amfani da umarnin Ginshiƙi mai mahimmanci (Tsarin Pivot) tab Siga (Zaɓuɓɓuka) or analysis (Nazari) kuma saita ginshiƙi daidai daidai da zaɓi na farko:
Haskaka samfura masu mahimmanci
Don haskaka abubuwan da suka fi tasiri, watau ginshiƙan da ke gefen hagu na madaidaicin madaidaicin ruwan lemu mai tarin sha'awa tare da layin yanke a kwance na 80% ana iya haskakawa. Don yin wannan, dole ne ka ƙara wani ginshiƙi zuwa teburin tare da dabara:
Wannan dabarar tana fitar da 1 idan samfurin yana hannun hagu na mahaɗin kuma 0 idan yana dama. Sannan kuna buƙatar yin waɗannan abubuwa:
- Muna ƙara sabon shafi zuwa ginshiƙi - hanya mafi sauƙi don yin wannan ita ce ta yin kwafi mai sauƙi, watau alamar shafi hasken baya, kwafa shi (Ctrl + C), zaɓi zane kuma saka (Ctrl + V).
- Zaɓi layin da aka ƙara kuma canza shi tare da axis na biyu, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama.
- Nau'in Chart Nau'in hasken baya canza zuwa ginshiƙai (histogram).
- Muna cire izinin gefe a cikin kaddarorin jere (danna dama akan jere Haske - Tsarin Layi - Gefen Gefen) ta yadda ginshiƙan suka haɗu zuwa gaba ɗaya.
- Muna cire iyakoki na ginshiƙai, kuma muna sa cikar ya zama mai canzawa.
A sakamakon haka, muna samun irin wannan kyakkyawan haske na samfurori mafi kyau:
PS
An fara da Excel 2016, an ƙara ginshiƙi na Pareto zuwa daidaitaccen saitin sigogin Excel. Yanzu, don gina shi, kawai zaɓi kewayon kuma akan shafin Saka (Saka) zabi nau'in da ya dace:
Dannawa ɗaya - kuma an shirya zane:
- Yadda ake gina rahoto ta amfani da tebur pivot
- Saita lissafi a cikin PivotTables
- Menene sabo a cikin Charts a cikin Excel 2013
- Labarin Wikipedia akan dokar Pareto