“Lokacin da na wuce wata rana a Intra [wani gari a Lago Maggiore] kusa da wurin yanka, sai na ga an kashe maraƙi. Raina ya cika da firgici da bacin rai har daga wannan lokaci na ƙi yarda da masu kisan kai: tun daga lokacin na zama mai cin ganyayyaki.
Ina tabbatar muku da cewa za ku iya yi gaba daya ba tare da nama da gasassun ba, lamirina ya fi kyau a yanzu, tunda kashe dabbobi hakika dabbanci ne. Wanene ya ba wa wannan mutum hakki? Dan Adam zai yi tsayi sosai idan ya koyi girmama dabbobi. Amma dole ne a mutunta su da gaske, ba kamar yadda ’yan kungiyar kare dabbobi suke ba, a wasu lokutan ana ba su kariya a kan tituna da jin dadin namansu a gidajen cin abinci.
"Amma kana farfaganda, yarima!"
- Zan yi shi da yardar rai. Na dade ina son karanta wata lacca akan wannan batu. Akwai abubuwa masu kyau da yawa da za a faɗi. Kuma zai yi kyau sosai don cin nasara! A halin yanzu ban shagala da kowane aiki ba, amma na ɗan lokaci yanzu ina cike da tunanin wani abin tunawa ga ɗan adam wanda aka sabunta ta babban manufa - mutunta yanayi.
- Abin tunawa na alama?
– Da. Wannan zai zama na 2 na duk ayyukana da yawa, tunda ba na son alamomi, amma wani lokacin ba za a iya kaucewa ba. Kuma na biyu mi fu inspirato dal vegetarianismo (wanda cin ganyayyaki ya ƙarfafa ni): Na kira shi “Les mangeurs de cadavres” (Masu cin gawa). A gefe guda kuma, an nuno wani katon mutum marar miji yana cinye gawa wanda ya wuce kicin, sannan kadan kadan, wani kuraye yana tono gawa domin ya koshi. Mutum yana yin haka don gamsar da dabba - kuma ana kiransa namiji; na biyun yana yin shi ne domin ya kiyaye rayuwarsa, ba ya kisa, sai dai yana amfani da gawa ana kiransa kuraye.
Na kuma yi rubutu, amma wannan, ka sani, ga waɗanda ke neman "kwatankwacin".
Wannan tattaunawar ta faru ne a Nervi kusa da Genoa kuma an buga shi a cikin 1909 a Corriere de la sera (Milan). Ya ƙunshi labari game da "ma'ana" game da "sake haifuwa" na ciki a rayuwar Trubetskoy. Mun kuma san cewa irin wannan lamarin ya faru a cikin 1899 daga abubuwan tunawa na ɗan'uwan Trubetskoy, Luigi, wanda ya ba da rahoton irin wannan al'amari a cikin cikakken tsari, don haka girgiza da Trubetskoy ya fuskanta zai zama ma fi bayyane: bayan haka, ya faru ya kasance. mai shaida ga dukan cin zarafi dabba - a matsayin aiki da kuma yankan shanu.
Prince Peter (Paolo) Petrovich Trubetskoy, wanda ya fito daga wani sanannen dangi mai daraja na Rasha, ya shafe kusan dukan rayuwarsa a Yamma kuma saboda haka yana da mummunar ilimin harshen Rashanci kawai - ya yi magana da Rashanci tare da lafazi mai karfi. An haife shi a Intra a shekara ta 1866 kuma ya rasu a shekara ta 1938 a garin Suna, shi ma a saman Lago Maggiore. A cewar mai sukar fasahar fasahar Italiya Rossana Bossaglia, ya kasance mutum ne mai jan hankali - ya fito daga manyan sarakunan Rasha, ba tare da wata matsala ba a cikin al'adun Italiyanci na yankin Lago maggiore kuma ya ci gaba da amfani da tunaninsa na ɗabi'a da salon cin ganyayyaki. A bakin kofa na karni na XNUMX, an gayyace shi a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Moscow - "sabon sabon adadi a cikin fasahar Rasha. Babu shakka duk abin da ya kasance sabon tare da shi: fara daga bayyanarsa da kuma na cikin shahararrun gidan yarima Trubetskoy. "Mai tsayi", "kyakkyawan bayyanar", tare da kyawawan halaye da "savoir faire", kuma a lokaci guda mai ƙwaƙƙwaran ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai ladabi, ba tare da kayan ado na duniya ba, tare da ilimin Turai, wanda ya yarda da kansa ya sami abubuwan sha'awa na asali (kamar: ci gaba da zama a ɗakin studio na dabbobi da dabbobi kuma ya zama mai cin ganyayyaki ..." Duk da farfesa na Moscow, Trubetskoy ya yi aiki a Paris musamman: Rodin ya rinjayi shi, kuma ya zana hotunan rayuwa mai ban sha'awa, da farko a cikin tagulla - hotuna, siffofi. , nau'o'in nau'i na nau'i da hotuna na dabbobi.
Hotonsa na "Carrion Eaters" (Divoratori di cadaveri), wanda aka kirkira a cikin 1900, daga baya ya ba da gudummawar da shi ga Lombard Society for the Protection of Animals, shine kaɗai wanda ya taɓa ba da suna. Ta nuna tebur da kwanon alade a kai; wani mutum ne zaune a kan tebur, yana cin nama. A kasa an rubuta: "A kan dokokin yanayi" (contro natura); kusa da wani irin hyena, wanda ya garzaya da gawar mutum. Ƙarƙashin rubutun: Bisa ga dokokin yanayi (natura na biyu) (rashin lafiya yy). A cewar VF Bulgakov, na karshe sakataren Tolstoy, a cikin wani littafi tare da memoirs da labaru game da Tolstoy, a 1921 ko 1922, Moscow Museum of Tolstoy, ta hanyar sulhu na PI Biryukov, samu a matsayin kyauta biyu kananan tinted plaster Figures bayyana. ra'ayin cin ganyayyaki: daya daga cikin siffofi na nuna hyena yana cinye matacciyar chamois, ɗayan kuma wani mutum mai kiba da zari yana lalata gasashen alade da ke kwance akan faranti - a fili, waɗannan zane-zane ne na farko na manyan sassa biyu. An baje kolin na ƙarshe a Salon Autumn na Milan na 1904, kamar yadda za a iya karantawa a cikin labarin daga Corriere della Sera na 29 ga Oktoba. Wannan sassaka mai sassaka biyu, wanda kuma aka sani da Divoratori di cadaveri, "an yi niyya ne don haɓaka imaninsa na cin ganyayyaki kai tsaye, wanda marubucin ya ambata akai-akai: don haka bayyananniyar ɗabi'a ga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan mutumci kuma ya keɓanta a cikin aikin Trubetskoy."
Abokinsa Luigi Lupano ya rubuta a shekara ta 1954: “Trubetskoy ya girma a cikin addinin mahaifiyarsa, wato Protestantism. amma ya kasance mutum ne mai zurfin kirki kuma mai tsananin imani da rayuwa; girmamawarsa ga rayuwa ya kai shi ga tsarin rayuwa mai cin ganyayyaki, wanda ba taƙaice ba ce a cikinsa, amma tabbatar da kishinsa ga kowane mai rai. Yawancin sassaka sassaka ya kamata su yi ɗabi'a kai tsaye da gamsar da jama'a game da cin ganyayyaki. Ya tunatar da ni cewa abokansa Leo Tolstoy da Bernard Shaw masu cin ganyayyaki ne, kuma ya ji daɗin cewa ya yi nasarar shawo kan babban Henry Ford ga cin ganyayyaki. Troubetzkoy ya nuna Shaw a 1927 da Tolstoy sau da yawa tsakanin 1898 da 1910.
Yana yiwuwa a farkon ziyarar Trubetskoy zuwa gidan Tolstoy na Moscow a cikin bazara da kaka na 1898, lokacin da ya ga cin ganyayyaki a cikin praxi, ya kafa mataki don wannan muhimmin lokaci a rayuwar Trubetskoy, wanda ya samu a cikin Intra a cikin 1899. Daga Afrilu 15 zuwa 23 ga Afrilu, 1898, ya misalta wani bust na marubuci: "A maraice, Prince Trubetskoy, wani sculptor da ke zaune, aka haife da kuma girma a Italiya, ziyarci mu. Mutum mai ban mamaki: gwanin ban mamaki, amma gaba daya na farko. Bai karanta komai ba, bai ma san Yaki da Zaman Lafiya ba, bai yi karatu a ko'ina ba, butulci, rashin kunya da shakuwa gaba daya a cikin fasaharsa. Gobe Lev Nikolaevich zai zo ya sassaka kuma zai ci abinci tare da mu. Ranar 9/10 ga Disamba, Trubetskoy ya ziyarci Tolstoys wani lokaci, tare da Repin. A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1899, a cikin wata wasiƙa zuwa Chertkov, Tolstoy yana nufin Trubetskoy, yana tabbatar da jinkirin da aka samu wajen kammala littafin Tashin Matattu ta hanyar sababbin canje-canje a cikin rubutun: fuskokin idanu ne, don haka a gare ni babban abu shine rayuwa ta ruhaniya, wanda aka bayyana a cikin al'amuran. . Kuma waɗannan al'amuran ba za a iya sake yin su ba.
Bayan kadan fiye da shekaru goma, a farkon Maris 1909 Trubetskoy ya halicci wasu sassa biyu na marubuci - Tolstoy a kan doki da karamin mutum-mutumi. Daga 29 zuwa 31 ga Agusta Trubetskoy model wani bust na Tolstoy. A karshe ya zauna tare da matarsa a Yasnaya Polyana daga 29 ga Mayu zuwa 12 ga Yuni, 1910; ya zana hoton Tolstoy a cikin mai, ya kirkiro zane-zane guda biyu a cikin fensir kuma yana aiki a cikin sassaka "Tolstoy akan doki". Ranar 20 ga Yuni, marubucin ya sake bayyana ra'ayi cewa Trubetskoy yana da basira sosai.
A cewar VF Bulgakov, wanda ya yi magana da Trubetskoy a wancan lokacin, na karshen ya kasance a lokacin "vegan", kuma ya ƙaryata game da kiwo kayayyakin: "Me ya sa muke bukatar madara? Mu kanana ne mu sha madara? Yara kanana ne kawai suke shan madara.”
Lokacin da aka fara buga Vestnik na farko mai cin ganyayyaki a cikin 1904, Trubetskoy ya zama mawallafin mujallar daga fitowar Fabrairu, wanda ya kasance har zuwa fitowar ta ƙarshe (No. 5, May 1905).
Ƙaunar Trubetskoy ta musamman ga dabbobi an san shi a Yamma. Friedrich Jankowski, a cikin falsafancinsa na cin ganyayyaki (Philosophie des Vegetarismus, Berlin, 1912) a cikin babin "The Essence of Artist and Nutrition" (Das Wesen des Kunstlers und der Ernahrung) ya ba da rahoton cewa Trubetskoy yana da dabi'a a cikin fasaharsa kuma gabaɗaya ta duniya. mutum, amma yana rayuwa mai cin ganyayyaki sosai kuma bai manta da mutanen Paris ba, yana yin hayaniya a tituna da gidajen cin abinci tare da ƙwararrun wolf. "Nasarar Trubetskoy da daukakar da ya samu," in ji P. a shekara ta 1988. Castagnoli, "ya samar da haɗin kai tare da shaharar da mai zane ya samu tare da yanke shawararsa mai tsayi don goyon bayan cin ganyayyaki da kuma ƙaunar da ya dauki dabbobi a ƙarƙashinsa. kariya. Karnuka, barewa, dawakai, kyarkeci, giwaye suna cikin abubuwan da mawaƙin ya fi so” (rashin lafiya 8 yy).
Trubetskoy ba shi da buri na adabi. Amma sha'awar sa na bayar da shawarar salon cin ganyayyaki ya yi yawa har ya kuma bayyana hakan a cikin wasan kwaikwayo uku na Italiyanci mai suna "Doctor from another planet" ("Il dottore di un altro planeta"). Ɗaya daga cikin kwafin wannan rubutu, wanda Trubetskoy ya ba wa ɗan’uwansa Luigi a shekara ta 1937, ya fito a buga a karon farko a shekara ta 1988. A cikin aikin farko, yarinyar, wadda har yanzu ba ta daina girmama ’yan’uwanta na ’yan’uwantaka ba, wanda yanayinsa bai kasance ba. duk da haka an lalace ta wurin tarurruka, ya haramta farauta. A mataki na biyu, wani tsoho wanda aka yanke masa hukunci ya ba da labarinsa ("Ecco la mia storia"). Shekaru XNUMX da suka shige, ya zauna da matarsa da ’ya’yansa uku: “Muna da dabbobi da yawa da muke ɗauka a matsayin danginmu. Mun ci kayan amfanin ƙasa ne domin mun ɗauke shi a matsayin laifi mai ƙanƙanta da ba da gudummawa wajen kashe ’yan’uwa da aka yi wa kisan gilla, a binne gawarwakinsu a cikinmu kuma mu gamsar da muguwar ɓarna da ɓacin rai na yawancin ’yan Adam. Mun ishe mu daga ’ya’yan itacen ƙasa kuma muka yi farin ciki.” Sannan wata rana marubucin ya zama shaida na yadda wani direban tasi ya yi wa dokinsa wulakanci a kan wata babbar hanya mai fadama; ya kewaye ta, direban ya buge ta da karfi, ya zame ya kashe dutse. Mai ba da labarin yana son taimaka masa, kuma ‘yan sanda sun zarge shi da laifin kisan kai. Kamar yadda kuke gani, abin da ya faru a garin Intra har yanzu ana iya gani a wannan fage.
Trubetskoy ya kasance dan kadan fiye da shekaru talatin lokacin da ya shiga cikin gasar ga abin tunawa ga Alexander III. Shirin gasar ya nuna cewa an nuna sarki yana zaune a kan karagar mulki. Trubetskoy ba ya son wannan, kuma, tare da zane mai dacewa da sanarwar gasar, ya ba da wani zane da ke nuna sarki yana zaune a kan doki. Wannan tsari na biyu ya ji daɗin gwauruwar tsar, don haka Trubetskoy ya karɓi oda na 150 rubles. Duk da haka, da'irori masu mulki ba su gamsu da aikin da aka gama ba: an sanar da ranar bude abin tunawa (Mayu 000) ga mai zane a makara don haka ba zai iya zuwa bikin a cikin lokaci ba.
NB Nordman ta bar mana bayanin waɗannan abubuwan a cikin littafinta na Intimate Pages. Ana kiran ɗaya daga cikin babi, mai kwanan wata 17 ga Yuni, 1909: “Wasika zuwa ga aboki. Rana game da Trubetskoy. Wannan, in ji KI Chukovsky, "shafukan ban sha'awa ne". Nordman ya bayyana yadda shi da Repin suka isa St. A lokaci guda, Nordman ya sadu da actress Lidia Borisovna Yavorskaya-Baryatinsky (1871-1921), wanda ya kafa New Drama Theater. Lidia Borisovna yana jin tausayin Trubetskoy. Ya nutse! Kuma haka kadai. "Komai, kowa yana adawa da shi." Tare da Trubetskoy, duk sun "tashi ta tram" don duba abin tunawa: "Halittar da ba ta dace ba, mai ƙarfi, wanda aka nannade cikin kyakkyawan aiki!" Bayan ziyartar abin tunawa, karin kumallo a hotel din. Trubetskoy ya kasance a nan kuma. Nan da nan, a cikin harshen Rashanci na kuskure, a cikin yadda ya saba, ya ƙaddamar da cin ganyayyaki:
"- Butler, eh! Butler!?
Dvoretsky ya rusuna da girmamawa a gaban Trubetskoy.
"Mataccen ya yi girki a nan?" A cikin wannan miya? Ya! Hanci yana jin… gawa!
Dukkanmu muna kallon juna. Ya ku masu wa'azi! Su, kamar mutum-mutumi a Masar a liyafa, suna magana da tunatar da abin da mutum ba ya so ya yi tunani a cikin al'amuran rayuwarmu. Kuma me ya sa game da gawarwaki a wurin cin abinci? Kowa ya rude. Ba su san abin da za su zaɓa daga taswirar ba.
Kuma Lidia Borisovna, tare da dabara na mace rai, nan da nan ya dauki gefen Trubetskoy.
"Kun kamu da ni da tunaninku, kuma zan tafi cin ganyayyaki tare da ku!"
Kuma suna yin oda tare. Kuma Trubetskoy yayi dariya tare da murmushi irin na yara. Yana cikin ruhi.
Ya! Ba a sake gayyace ni zuwa cin abincin dare a Paris ba. Na gaji da kowa da huduba!! Yanzu na yanke shawarar gaya wa kowa game da cin ganyayyaki. Direba yana ɗauke ni, kuma yanzu ni gare shi: Est – ce que vous mangez des cadavres? to, ya tafi, ya tafi. <... Mun yi magana game da cin ganyayyaki, mun tafi gonarsa, mun ci 'ya'yan itace. Yanzu mu manyan abokai ne, shi mabiyina ne… Kuma na zana wani hamshakin attajirin dan kasuwan shanu daga Amurka. Zama na farko yayi shiru. Kuma a kan na biyu na tambaya - gaya mani, kuna farin ciki?
Ni, i!
– Kuna da lamiri mai kyau?
- Ina da? Ee, amma menene, To, ya fara! …”
Daga baya, Repin ya shirya liyafa ga abokinsa Trubetskoy a gidan cin abinci na Kontan. An aika da gayyata kusan ɗari biyu, amma “a duk faɗin St. Sun daɗe suna yin shiru game da shi, "har zuwa ƙarshe Diaghilev ya kawo kayansa kuma ya gabatar da Rashawa gare shi!" Repin a cikin falon da babu kowa yana yin magana mai daɗi, kuma ya kuma nuna rashin ilimi na Trubetskoy, da gangan da ganganci. Trubetskoy ya kirkiro mafi kyawun abin tunawa ga Dante a Italiya. "Sun tambaye shi - tabbas ka san kowane layi na Aljanna da Jahannama da zuciya ɗaya? ... Ban taba karanta Dante ba a rayuwata!" Ta yaya yake koyar da ɗalibansa, Repin ya yi tambaya cikin raha, “saboda ba ya jin Rashanci sosai. - Ee, yana koyar da abu ɗaya kawai - lokacin da kake, in ji shi, ya sassaƙa - dole ne ka fahimci inda yake da taushi da kuma inda yake da wuya. - Shi ke nan! Inda taushi kuma inda wuya! Me zurfi cikin wannan magana!!! wadanda. taushi - tsoka, wuya - kashi. Duk wanda ya fahimci wannan yana da ma'anar siffar, amma ga mai sassaƙa wannan shi ne komai." A nunin 20 da aka yi a birnin Paris, alkalan kotun sun ba Trubetskoy baki daya babbar kyauta saboda aikinsa. Wani zamani ne a cikin sassaka…
Трубецkoy, на французскоm я XNUMX, благодрит репина za Выstytuplinе - и При этом сразу же Пускает Вод Amma duk wannan rayuwa zan ce! Saboda soyayyar wannan rayuwa zan so a mutunta ta. Don girmama rai, bai kamata a kashe dabbobi kamar yadda muke yi a yanzu ba. Muna kashewa kawai, tsine! Amma ina ce a ko'ina kuma ga duk wanda na hadu da shi… Kada ku kashe. Mutunta rayuwa! Kuma idan kawai kuna cin gawa - ana azabtar da ku da cututtuka waɗanda [sic! - П.Б.] ba ku waɗannan gawarwakin. Wannan shi ne kawai hukuncin da matalautan dabbobi za su iya yi muku.” Все слушают насупившись. Кто любит проповеди? Мясные блюда становятся противны. “Ya! Ina son yanayi, Ina sonta fiye da komai < …> Kuma ga abin tunawa na da aka gama! Ina farin ciki da aikina. Ya ce kawai abin da nake so - kuzari da rayuwa! »
Fadin Repin "Bravo, bravo Trubetskoy!" Jaridu sun ruwaito. Mai hazaka na abin tunawa na Trubetskoy ya yi tasiri mai zurfi akan VV Rozanov da; wannan abin tunawa ya sanya shi "mai sha'awar Trubetskoy". SP Diaghilev a 1901 ko 1902, a cikin ofishin edita na mujallar Mir Iskusstva, ya nuna Rozanov da zane na abin tunawa. Bayan haka, Rozanov ya ba da labarin mai ban sha'awa ga "Paolo Trubezkoi da abin tunawa ga Alexander III": "A nan, a cikin wannan abin tunawa, dukanmu, dukanmu na Rasha daga 1881 zuwa 1894." Wannan zane-zane Rozanov ya sami "mutum mai basira", mai basira, asali da jahilci. Tabbas, labarin Rozanov bai ambaci soyayyar Trubetskoy ga yanayi da salon cin ganyayyaki ba.
Abin tunawa da kansa ya fuskanci mummunan kaddara. Ba wai kawai masu mulki daga tawagar Nicholas II sun ƙi shi ba, amma hukumomin Soviet sun ɓoye shi a cikin 1937, lokacin Stalinism, a cikin wani nau'i na bayan gida. Trubetskoy, wanda ya shahara da sassaƙaƙen dabbobinsa, ya musanta cewa an yi nufin aikin ne a matsayin furci na siyasa: “Ina so in kwatanta wata dabba a kan wata.”
Tolstoy ya yarda Trubetskoy ya nuna kansa. Ya ce game da shi: "Abin da ke da ban mamaki, wace kyauta." Trubetskoy ba kawai ya yarda da shi cewa bai karanta War da Aminci ba - har ma ya manta da ɗaukar bugu na ayyukan Tolstoy, wanda aka gabatar da shi a Yasnaya Polyana. Ƙungiyarsa "alama" filastik da aka sani ga Tolstoy. A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1910, Makovitsky ya rubuta cewa: "LN ya fara magana game da Trubetskoy: - Wannan Trubetskoy, mai sassaka, babban mai goyon bayan cin ganyayyaki, ya yi siffar hyena da wani mutum kuma ya sanya hannu: "Kura yana cin gawa, kuma yana cin gawa. mutumin da kansa yake kashewa...".
NB Nordman ya yi wasiyya ga tsararraki masu zuwa Gargadin Trubetskoy game da canja wurin cututtukan dabbobi ga mutane. Kalmomin: "vous etes punis par les maladies qui [sic!] vous donnent ces cadavres" ba shine kawai gargaɗin ba kafin yaƙin Rasha wanda ke nuni da cutar hauka.
p,s, A cikin hoton Paolo Trubetskoy da LN Tolstoy akan doki.