macronutrients

Macronutrients abubuwa ne masu amfani ga jiki, adadin yau da kullun wanda ga mutane shine 200 MG.

Rashin macronutrients yana haifar da rikice-rikice na rayuwa, rashin aiki na yawancin gabobin da tsarin.

Akwai wata magana: mu ne abin da muke ci. Amma, ba shakka, idan ka tambayi abokanka lokacin da suka ci abinci na ƙarshe, misali, sulfur ko chlorine, ba za a iya guje wa abin mamaki ba. A halin yanzu, a cikin jikin mutum akwai abubuwa kusan 60 na sinadarai, wanda mu, wani lokacin ba tare da saninsa ba, muna cika su daga abinci. Kuma kusan kashi 96 cikin 4 na kowannenmu ya ƙunshi sunaye sinadarai XNUMX kawai waɗanda ke wakiltar rukunin ma'adanai. Kuma wannan:

• oxygen (akwai 65% a cikin kowane jikin mutum);
• carbon (18%);
• hydrogen (10%);
• nitrogen (3%).

Sauran kashi 4 na sauran abubuwa ne daga tebur na lokaci-lokaci. Gaskiya ne, sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma suna wakiltar wani rukuni na kayan abinci masu amfani - microelements.

Ga mafi yawan abubuwan sinadarai-macronutrients, al'ada ce a yi amfani da kalmar-sunan CHON, wanda ya ƙunshi babban haruffa na kalmomin: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen da nitrogen a Latin (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen).

Macroelements a cikin jikin mutum, yanayi ya janye quite m iko. Ya dogara da su:

• samuwar kwarangwal da sel;
• pH jiki;
• ingantaccen sufuri na jijiyoyi;
• isasshiyar halayen sinadarai.

Sakamakon gwaje-gwaje da yawa, an gano cewa a kowace rana mutum yana buƙatar ma'adanai 12 (calcium, iron, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, jan karfe, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, chlorine). Amma ko da waɗannan 12 ba za su iya maye gurbin ayyukan abubuwan gina jiki ba.

Abubuwan gina jiki

Kusan kowane nau'in sinadari yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wanzuwar dukkanin rayuwa a doron kasa, amma guda 20 ne kawai daga cikin su.

An raba waɗannan abubuwan zuwa:

• 6 na manyan abubuwan gina jiki (wanda ke wakiltar kusan dukkanin abubuwa masu rai a duniya kuma sau da yawa a cikin adadi mai yawa);
• Ƙananan sinadirai 5 (wanda aka samo a cikin abubuwa masu rai da yawa a cikin ƙananan ƙananan yawa);
• abubuwan gano (mahimman abubuwan da ake buƙata a cikin ƙananan ƙima don kula da halayen sinadarai waɗanda rayuwa ta dogara da su).

Daga cikin abubuwan gina jiki an bambanta:

• macronutrients;
• abubuwan ganowa.

Babban abubuwan biogenic, ko organogens, rukuni ne na carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, da phosphorus. Ƙananan abubuwan gina jiki suna wakiltar sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine.

Oxygen (O)

Wannan shi ne na biyu a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka fi yawa a duniya. Wani bangare ne na ruwa, kuma, kamar yadda kuka sani, kusan kashi 60 cikin XNUMX na jikin mutum ne. A cikin sigar gas, iskar oxygen ta zama wani yanki na yanayi. A cikin wannan nau'i, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa rayuwa a duniya, inganta photosynthesis (a cikin tsire-tsire) da numfashi (a cikin dabbobi da mutane).

Carbon (C)

Hakanan ana iya la'akari da Carbon daidai yake da rayuwa: kyallen jikin dukkan halittun da ke duniya sun ƙunshi mahallin carbon. Bugu da kari, samuwar carbon bond yana taimakawa wajen samar da wani adadin kuzari, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ga kwararar muhimman hanyoyin sinadarai a matakin tantanin halitta. Yawancin mahadi waɗanda ke ɗauke da carbon suna sauƙin kunnawa, suna sakin zafi da haske.

Hydrogen (H)

Wannan shi ne mafi sauƙi kuma mafi yawanci a cikin sararin samaniya (musamman, a cikin nau'in gas mai atomic H2). Hydrogen abu ne mai amsawa kuma mai ƙonewa. Tare da iskar oxygen yana haifar da gaurayawan fashewa. Yana da 3 isotopes.

Nitrogen (N)

Abun da ke da lambar atomic 7 shine babban iskar gas a cikin yanayin duniya. Nitrogen wani bangare ne na kwayoyin halitta da yawa, wadanda suka hada da amino acid, wadanda bangare ne na sunadarai da acid nucleic wadanda ke samar da DNA. Kusan dukkanin nitrogen ana samar da su a sararin samaniya - abin da ake kira planetary nebulae wanda taurarin da suka tsufa suka kirkira sun wadatar da sararin samaniya da wannan macro.

Sauran macronutrients

Potassium (K)

Potassium (0,25%) wani muhimmin abu ne da ke da alhakin tafiyar da tsarin lantarki a cikin jiki. A cikin kalmomi masu sauƙi: yana jigilar caji ta ruwa. Wannan yana taimakawa daidaita bugun zuciya da watsa abubuwan motsa jiki na tsarin juyayi. Hakanan yana shiga cikin homeostasis. Karancin sinadarin yana haifar da matsaloli tare da zuciya, har zuwa tsayawarsa.

Alli (Ca)

Calcium (1,5%) shine mafi yawan abinci mai gina jiki a cikin jikin mutum - kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin wannan abu sun tattara cikin kyallen takarda na hakora da kasusuwa. Calcium yana da alhakin ƙanƙan tsoka da tsarin gina jiki. Amma jiki zai "ci" wannan kashi daga kasusuwa (wanda yake da haɗari ta hanyar ci gaban osteoporosis), idan yana jin ƙarancinsa a cikin abincin yau da kullum.

Da ake buƙata ta tsire-tsire don ƙirƙirar membranes tantanin halitta. Dabbobi da mutane suna buƙatar wannan ma'adanai don kiyaye lafiyayyen ƙasusuwa da hakora. Bugu da ƙari, calcium yana taka rawar "mai daidaitawa" na matakai a cikin cytoplasm na sel. A cikin yanayi, wakilta a cikin abun da ke ciki na da yawa duwatsu (alli, farar ƙasa).

Calcium a cikin mutane:

• yana rinjayar tashin hankali na neuromuscular - yana shiga cikin ƙwayar tsoka (hypocalcemia yana haifar da tashin hankali);
• yana daidaita glycogenolysis (rushewar glycogen zuwa yanayin glucose) a cikin tsokoki da gluconeogenesis (samuwar glucose daga abubuwan da ba na carbohydrate ba) a cikin kodan da hanta;
• yana rage haɓakar bangon capillary da membrane na sel, don haka haɓaka tasirin anti-mai kumburi da anti-allergic;
• yana inganta zubar jini.

Calcium ions sune mahimman manzannin ciki waɗanda ke shafar insulin da enzymes masu narkewa a cikin ƙananan hanji.

Ciwon ca ya dogara da abun ciki na phosphorus a cikin jiki. Ana canza canjin alli da phosphate ta hanyar hormonal. Hormone na parathyroid (hormone na parathyroid) yana sakin Ca daga ƙasusuwa zuwa cikin jini, kuma calcitonin (hormone na thyroid) yana haɓaka ƙaddamar da wani sinadari a cikin ƙasusuwa, wanda ke rage maida hankali a cikin jini.

Magnesium (MG)

Magnesium (0,05%) yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin kwarangwal da tsokoki.

Jam'iyyar ce ga fiye da halayen 300 na rayuwa. Halin cation intracellular, muhimmin bangaren chlorophyll. Kasancewa a cikin kwarangwal (70% na jimlar) kuma a cikin tsokoki. Wani sashe mai mahimmanci na kyallen takarda da ruwan jiki.

A cikin jikin mutum, magnesium yana da alhakin shakatawa na tsoka, fitar da gubobi, da inganta jini zuwa zuciya. Rashin ƙarancin abu yana tsoma baki tare da narkewa kuma yana jinkirin girma, yana haifar da gajiya mai sauri, tachycardia, rashin barci, PMS yana karuwa a cikin mata. Amma wuce haddi na macro kusan ko da yaushe ci gaban urolithiasis.

Sodium (Na)

Sodium (0,15%) wani sinadari ne da ke inganta ma'aunin electrolyte. Yana taimakawa wajen watsa motsin jijiyoyi a cikin jiki, kuma yana da alhakin daidaita matakin ruwa a cikin jiki, hana bushewa.

Sulfur (S)

Sulfur (0,25%) ana samunsa a cikin amino acid guda 2 waɗanda ke samar da sunadaran.

Kwayar cutar (P)

Phosphorus (1%) yana cikin kasusuwa, zai fi dacewa. Amma ban da haka, akwai kwayar ATP da ke ba da kuzari. An gabatar da shi a cikin acid nucleic, membranes cell, kasusuwa. Kamar calcium, wajibi ne don ingantaccen ci gaba da aiki na tsarin musculoskeletal. A cikin jikin mutum yana yin aikin tsari.

Chlorine (Cl)

Chlorine (0,15%) yawanci ana samuwa a cikin jiki a cikin nau'in ion mara kyau (chloride). Ayyukansa sun haɗa da kiyaye daidaiton ruwa a cikin jiki. A cikin zafin jiki, chlorine iskar gas ce mai guba. Ƙarfin oxidizing wakili, sauƙin shiga cikin halayen sunadarai, samar da chlorides.

Matsayin macronutrients ga mutane

Duk abin da ke rayuwa a duniya, daga mafi girma na dabbobi masu shayarwa zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta kwaro, sun mamaye nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin yanayin halittu na duniya. Amma, duk da haka, kusan dukkanin kwayoyin halitta an halicce su ne daga nau'in "sinadaran" guda ɗaya: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur da sauran abubuwa daga tebur na lokaci-lokaci. Kuma wannan hujja ta bayyana dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci don kula da isasshen cika macrocells da ake bukata, saboda ba tare da su babu rayuwa ba.