A karshen watan Janairu, duniya ta yi rashin wani shahararren marubuci Jerome David Salinger. Ya rasu ne a gidansa da ke New Hampshire yana da shekaru 92. Marubucin ya dade yana kula da lafiyarsa - kusan tsawon rayuwarsa balagagge ba ya kasance mai cin ganyayyaki, da farko ya tona wa mahaifinsa nama, sannan a cewarsa. nasu hukuncin.
Maganar hukuma
An haifi Jerome David Salinger a New York ga dangin ɗan kasuwa. Ya yi karatu a Valley Forge Military Academy a Pennsylvania. Ya shiga Jami'ar New York a 1937 kuma ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Amurka lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin 1948, ya buga labarinsa na farko a cikin jaridar New York Times - "Yana da kyau a kama kifin ayaba." Shekaru uku bayan haka, an buga The Catcher in the Rye, yana mai da Salinger marubucin salon zamani.
An rubuta shi da ƙwalƙwalwa, labarin ɗan shekara 16 Holden Caulfield, wanda ya girma a lokacin littafin, ya girgiza masu karatu. Holden ya fuskanci matsaloli na zamani na samartaka yayin da yake fama da mutuwar ƙanensa, wanda ya mutu daga cutar sankarar bargo.
Masu suka sun yi mamakin: littafin ya kasance sabo ne, cike da ruhin tawaye, fushin matasa, rashin jin daɗi da jin daɗi. Har yanzu, game da 250 kofe na novel bar shelves kowace shekara.
Holden Caulfield yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun haruffan adabi a cikin adabin Amurka na ƙarni na XNUMX.
Salinger yana da mummunar dangantaka da mahaifinsa, wani Bayahude mai shagon sayar da nama wanda yake son dansa ya gaji shagonsa. Dan ba wai kawai ya bi shawararsa ba, amma sam bai halarci jana'izar mahaifinsa ba kuma daga baya ya zama mai cin ganyayyaki.
A shekara ta 1963, Salinger ya buga litattafai da gajerun labarai da dama, bayan haka ya sanar da rashin son ci gaba da aikin rubuce-rubucensa kuma ya zauna a cikin Cornish, bayan ya yi ritaya "daga jarabar duniya." Salinger yana jagorantar rayuwar da ba a so, yana mai cewa duk wanda ke son saninsa ya karanta littattafansa. Kwanan nan, an sayar da wasiƙun Salinger da yawa a gwanjo kuma ba kowa ya saya ba sai Peter Norton, tsohon shugaban Symantec; A cewar Norton, ya sayi waɗannan wasiƙun ne domin ya mayar da su zuwa ga Salinger, wanda sha'awar keɓantawa da "kiyaye kowa daga rayuwarsa ta sirri" ya cancanci kowane girmamawa.
Dole ne mutum yayi tunanin cewa a cikin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata, Salinger ya karanta da yawa game da kansa. Duk waɗannan labarun, Salinger wannan, Salinger wancan. Ana iya jayayya cewa an shirya abubuwan da suka faru a duk manyan jaridu kimanin shekaru goma da suka wuce. Tarihin rayuwar Romanized, tarihin tarihin encyclopedic, tare da abubuwan bincike da nazarin tunani. Yana da mahimmanci?
Mutumin ya rubuta novel, labarai uku, gajerun labarai tara kuma ya zaɓi kada ya gaya wa duniya wani abu dabam. Yana da ma'ana a ɗauka cewa don fahimtar falsafarsa, halinsa game da cin ganyayyaki da ra'ayoyinsa game da yakin Iraki, kuna buƙatar karanta rubutunsa. Maimakon haka, an yi ƙoƙari a yi wa Salinger tambayoyi akai-akai. Diyarsa ta rubuta tarihin rayuwar mahaifinta. Don cire shi, Jerome Salinger ya mutu, ya bar (sun ce) dutsen rubutun a cikin gidan, wasu daga cikinsu (suna rubuta) sun dace da bugawa.
Rayuwar da ba ta aiki ba
Don haka nawa muka sani game da Jerome Salinger? Wataƙila eh, amma bayanai kawai. Bayanai masu ban sha'awa suna ƙunshe a cikin littafin Margaret Salinger, wacce ta yanke shawarar "ba uba cikakke don yarinta mai farin ciki." Ganuwar hatsin rai ta ɗan rabu, amma babban abin ya kasance a ɓoye, har da dangin marubucin.
Tun yana yaro, ya yi mafarkin zama kurma, bebe, yana zaune a wata bukka a gefen dajin yana tattaunawa da kurma kuma bebawa ta hanyar rubutu. Tsohon, wanda zai iya cewa, ya cika mafarkinsa: yana da tsufa, kurame, yana zaune a cikin wani yanki na katako, amma ba ya jin buƙatar bayanin kula, tun da yake har yanzu yana magana kadan tare da matarsa. Bukkar ta zama katangarsa, kuma wani mai sa'a da ba kasafai ba ne kawai ke iya shiga cikin bangon ta.
Sunan yaron Holden Caulfield, kuma yana rayuwa a cikin wani labari wanda har yanzu miliyoyin samari "da ba a fahimta ba" ke bautar da shi - "The Catcher in the Rye." Tsohon shi ne marubucin wannan littafi, Jerome David, ko kuma, a cikin salon Amurka, wanda aka gajarta da baƙaƙe, JD, Salinger. A farkon 2000s, yana ɗan shekara 80 kuma yana zaune a Cornish, New Hampshire. Bai buga wani sabon abu ba tun 1965, yana ba da tambayoyi kusan babu kowa, kuma duk da haka ya kasance marubucin da ke jin daɗin shaharar da ba ta da hankali, kuma ba kawai a Amurka ba.
Lokaci-lokaci, amma yakan faru cewa marubuci ya fara rayuwa ga makomar halinsa, yana biyayya da tunaninsa, maimaitawa da ci gaba da tafarkinsa, yana zuwa ga sakamako na halitta. Shin wannan ba shine mafi girman ma'auni na gaskiyar aikin adabi ba? Wataƙila, mutane da yawa za su so su san tabbas abin da Holden ɗan tawayen ya zama a cikin shekarunsa na raguwa. Amma marubucin, yana rayuwa a kan makomar yaro mai shekaru, baya barin kowa ya rufe, yana ɓoye a cikin wani gida wanda babu rai guda ɗaya da ke rayuwa na tsawon kilomita da yawa.
Gaskiya ne, ga magidanta lokacinmu ya yi nisa da mafi kyau. Sha'awar ɗan adam kuma yana shiga ta cikin rufaffiyar rufewa. Musamman ma a lokacin da 'yan uwa da abokan arziki na tsohon reclus suka zama abokan masu bincike. Wani kuka-wahayi game da makomar JD Salinger, mai wuyar gaske da rigima, shine tarihin 'yarsa Margaret (Peg) Salinger, wanda aka buga a 2000 a ƙarƙashin taken "Cibiyar Mafarki".
Ga wadanda ke da sha'awar aikin Salinger da tarihin rayuwa, babu wani mai ba da labari mafi kyau. Peg ya girma tare da mahaifinta a cikin jejin Cornish, kuma, kamar yadda ta yi iƙirari, yarinta ya kasance kamar tatsuniya mai ban tsoro. Kasancewar Jerome Salinger ya kasance mai nisa daga ko da yaushe ɗaurin raɗaɗi na son rai, duk da haka, a cewar 'yarsa, wani tunani mai ban tsoro ya kwanta a rayuwarsa. Koyaushe akwai wani abu mai ban tausayi a cikin wannan mutumin.
Me yasa? Amsar, aƙalla ɗaya, ana iya samun riga a cikin sashe na farko na abubuwan tunawa da Margaret Salinger, wanda aka sadaukar don yarinta na mahaifinta. Shahararren marubucin duniya ya girma a tsakiyar New York, a Manhattan. Mahaifinsa, Bayahude, ya wadata a matsayin mai sayar da abinci. Mahaifiyar da ta wuce gona da iri ita ce Irish, Katolika. Duk da haka, ta yin biyayya ga yanayin, ta yi kamar ita Bayahudiya ce, tana ɓoye gaskiya ko da ɗanta. Salinger, wanda ya san kansa sosai a matsayin "Rabi-Yahudawa", ya koyi daga kwarewarsa abin da ake kira anti-Semitism. Shi ya sa wannan jigon ya bayyana akai-akai kuma a sarari a cikin aikinsa.
Kuruciyarsa ta fada a lokacin tashin hankali. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar soja, JD ya ɓace a cikin yawan jama'ar Amurka "GI" (masu digiri). A matsayin wani ɓangare na 12th Infantry Regiment na 4th Division, ya shiga yakin duniya na biyu, bude gaba na biyu, saukowa a kan gabar Normandy. Ba abu mai sauƙi ba ne a gaba, kuma a cikin 1945 an kwantar da wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen Amirka na gaba a asibiti tare da rashin tausayi.
Ko ta yaya, Jerome Salinger bai zama "marubuci na gaba" ba, kodayake, a cewar 'yarsa, a cikin ayyukansa na farko "soja yana bayyane." Halinsa ga yakin da duniya bayan yakin ya kasance… ambivalent - kash, da wuya a sami wata ma'anar. A matsayin jami'in yaki da leken asiri na Amurka, JD ya shiga cikin shirin denazification na Jamus. Da yake shi ne mutumin da ke ƙin Nazi da zuciya ɗaya, ya taɓa kama wata yarinya - matashiyar ma'aikaciyar jam'iyyar Nazi. Kuma ya aure ta. A cewar Margaret Salinger, Jamusanci sunan matar mahaifinta ta farko Sylvia. Tare da ita ya koma america, ta jima tana zaune a gidan iyayensa.
Amma auren bai daɗe ba. Marubucin tarihin ya bayyana dalilin wannan rata da sauƙi: “Ta ƙi Yahudawa da irin sha’awar da ya tsani Nazis.” Daga baya, ga Sylvia, Salinger ya zo da suna mai raini "Saliva" (a Turanci, "tofi").
Matarsa ta biyu ita ce Claire Douglas. Sun hadu a shekara ta 1950. Yana da shekaru 31, tana da shekaru 16. An aika wata yarinya daga dangin Biritaniya masu daraja ta haye Tekun Atlantika daga bala'in yaƙi. Jerome Salinger da Claire Douglas sun yi aure, ko da yake tana da sauran watanni kafin ta kammala karatun sakandare. Yarinya, an haife shi a 1955, Salinger ya so ya kira Phoebe - bayan sunan 'yar'uwar Holden Caulfield daga labarinsa. Amma a nan matar ta nuna ƙarfi. "Sunanta zai zama Peggy," in ji ta. Daga baya ma’auratan sun haifi ɗa, Matiyu. Salinger ya zama uba nagari. Ya yi wasa da yaran da son rai, ya yi musu sihiri da labarunsa, inda “an shafe layin da ke tsakanin fantasy da gaskiya.”
Haka kuma, marubucin ko da yaushe ya yi ƙoƙari ya inganta kansa: a duk rayuwarsa ya yi karatun addinin Hindu. Ya kuma gwada hanyoyi daban-daban na gudanar da rayuwa mai koshin lafiya. A lokuta daban-daban ya kasance danyen abinci, macrobiota, amma sai ya zauna akan cin ganyayyaki. 'Yan uwan marubucin ba su fahimci haka ba, suna tsoron lafiyarsa kullum. Duk da haka, lokaci ya sanya komai a wurinsa: Salinger ya rayu tsawon rai.
Suna faɗin irin waɗannan mutane cewa ba su taɓa barin abin kirki ba. Har yanzu mai kama a cikin Rye yana sayar da kwafi 250.