mutum thyroid gland shine yake

Glandar thyroid karami ne, amma shine mafi girman bangaren tsarin endocrine na jiki. An "ƙuna" a cikin wallafe-wallafen likita tare da sunaye daban-daban: ana kiranta duka "Sarauniyar hormones" da "farka na jiki." Me yasa?

Gaskiyar ita ce glandar thyroid yana samar da hormones waɗanda ke sarrafa manyan hanyoyin rayuwa a cikin jikin mutum, daidaita samar da makamashi da iskar oxygen zuwa kyallen takarda.

- Hormones na thyroid suna shafar aiki na dukkan gabobin da tsarin, - ya bayyana endocrinologist Elena Kulikova. – Lokacin da aikin thyroid ya canza, nauyin jiki, ƙarfin jiki da yawan ƙwayar zuciya, yawan numfashi da aikin gastrointestinal tract suna canzawa. Saurin tunani da yanayin tunanin mutum ya dogara ne akan aikin glandar thyroid. Kuma ko da ikon samun ƴaƴa, ciki da haihuwar yaro lafiyayye suma sun dogara sosai akan matakin hormones na thyroid.

Idan ka lura canje-canje a cikin bayyanar da ingancin fata, pronounced kumburi da eyelids, ka damu da maras ban sha'awa da gaggautsa gashi, gashi hasara, yana yiwuwa cewa wannan shi ne saboda thyroid matsaloli.

Abin da ke da mahimmanci a sani game da glandar thyroid na mutum

Ina thyroid ɗin ɗan adam yake?

Glandar thyroid tana cikin yanki na gaban triangle na wuyansa, wanda aka ɗaure daga sama ta gindin ƙananan muƙamuƙi, daga ƙasa ta jugular notch na sternum, a gefe ta gefuna na gaba na dama kuma. hagu sternocleidomastoid tsokoki¹.

Jingina hannu zuwa wuya, za ka iya jin guringuntsin thyroid (wanda ake kira apple apple) - wani abu mai yawa ko ma daskarewa. Idan an hadiye shi, sai ya zame sama. Kai tsaye a ƙasa shi ne glandar thyroid kanta - yawanci ana jin shi a cikin nau'i na "girma" mai laushi akan trachea.².

Menene glandar thyroid yayi kama kuma ta yaya yake aiki?

Ana kwatanta siffar thyroid sau da yawa da malam buɗe ido. Lobes na dama da hagu suna haɗuwa da isthmus, kuma a cikin kashi 30% na lokuta kuma akwai lobe na pyramidal wanda ke fitowa daga isthmus.³.

Glandar thyroid ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu kama da vesicles a cikin bayyanar - follicle. Akwai kusan miliyan 30 daga cikinsu². Kowane follicle yana cike da wani abu mai kama da gel da ake kira colloid. Kawai yana dauke da hormones da kwayoyin halitta ke samarwa. Duk follicles an haɗa su da guda 20-30: irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ana kiran su thyreons.

Ana sarrafa ƙwayar thyroid ta hanyoyi 3.

1. Tsarin farko shine tsarin hypothalamic-pituitary, wanda ke cikin kwakwalwa. Musayar bayanai tsakanin thyroid gland shine yake, hypothalamus da pituitary gland shine yake tare da taimakon thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) da thyreoliberin (TRH).
2. Tsarin tsakiya na tsakiya yana da alhakin tsarin tsari na biyu. Kyakkyawan misali shine karuwa a cikin matakan hormone thyroid yayin lokutan damuwa.
3. Hanya na uku na ƙa'ida shine abun ciki na aidin inorganic a cikin muhalli (musamman ruwa da abinci). Tare da rashin isasshen abinci na iodine a cikin jiki, matakin hormones na thyroid yana raguwa kuma pathologies daban-daban na glandar thyroid suna tasowa.

Me yasa thyroid gland zai iya cutar da mutane

Ba kowa ba ne zai iya gane siginar daga glandar thyroid. Sau da yawa, mutum yana rikita ciwo a wannan yanki tare da alamun osteochondrosis ko kuma yana tunanin cewa yana da mura a cikin makogwaro.

Af, mutum ba koyaushe yana jin zafi ba. Yawancin lokaci, ciwo shine alamar cututtuka na thyroiditis (ƙumburi), kuma tare da hypothyroidism da hyperthyroidism, da kuma tare da samuwar nodules na thyroid, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba ya ciwo.

Bugu da ƙari, mutum bazai kula da siginar jiki na dogon lokaci ba kuma kada ya ɗauka cewa yana da matsalolin lafiya. Saboda haka, yana da mahimmanci a san alamun matsalolin thyroid. Wadannan sun hada da: rage yawan aiki, ƙara yawan fushi, wahalar haɗiye, damuwa barci, damuwa (har zuwa paranoia), asarar nauyi tare da kyakkyawan ci, da dai sauransu. Cututtuka daban-daban suna da alamun kansu.

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin thyroid shine rashin iodine a cikin abinci.

Elena Kulikova ta ce: “Rashin Iodine yana da kama da yawancin yankuna na ƙasarmu: daga m zuwa mai tsanani. – Bukatar ƙarin shan magungunan da ke ɗauke da aidin ko abinci mai yawan aidin ya dace musamman ga yara, masu juna biyu da mata masu shayarwa. Yin amfani da abinci mai iodized akan lokaci shine babban rigakafin rigakafin cututtukan thyroid a cikin yara da manya.

Daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtukan thyroid na iya zama: ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, tashin hankali na autoimmune, oncology. Kyakkyawan baya ga abubuwan da ke faruwa na matsaloli tare da glandar thyroid shine damuwa na yau da kullum, rashi na iodine, da kuma yanayin da ba shi da kyau.

Cututtukan thyroid sune mafi yawan cututtukan cututtuka na tsarin endocrine. Sun fi yawa sau 10-17 a cikin mata fiye da maza.⁵.

Dukkan cututtukan thyroid sun kasu kashi 3 kungiyoyi dangane da matakin hormones na thyroid:

1. Thyrotoxicosis wani yanayi ne da ke nuna karuwa a matakin hormone thyroid. Mafi yawan cututtukan da ke tare da ciwon thyrotoxicosis shine cutar Graves (har zuwa 80% na lokuta a Rasha).⁶), yaxuwa goiter mai guba ko nodular mai guba goiter.

   Hakanan za'a iya sa ran karuwar matakin hormones na thyroid tare da ɓarna na yau da kullum da kuma abin da ya faru na m da subacute thyroiditis.

2. Hypothyroidism. Haɗe da raguwa mai yawa a cikin matakan hormone thyroid. A mafi yawan lokuta, hypothyroidism yana tasowa a kan bango na autoimmune thyroiditis (kumburi na thyroid gland shine) kuma yana yiwuwa bayan resection (cire wani ɓangare) na thyroid gland shine yake.
3. Cututtukan thyroid wanda ke faruwa ba tare da cututtukan hormonal ba (euthyroid goiter, ciwace-ciwacen daji, thyroiditis).

Bari mu bincika mafi yawan cututtuka.

Hypothyroidism

Tushen wannan ciwo shine rashi na hormones na thyroid, ko rage tasirin su akan kyallen jikin jiki.⁷.

Babban hypothyroidism sau da yawa yana tasowa a kan bangon autoimmune thyroiditis. Alamu na iya bambanta sosai, kuma sau da yawa ko da likita ba ya bincikar hypothyroidism nan da nan. Ƙungiyar haɗari ta haɗa da mutanen da aka yi wa tiyatar thyroid, marasa lafiya da ciwon sukari mellitus da cutar Addison, masu shan taba. Mata su yi taka tsantsan musamman bayan haihuwa.

Ba zai zama abin ban mamaki ba don bincika hypothyroidism idan, ba tare da wani dalili ba, nauyi ya fara girma, gajiya, barci, damuwa mara dalili da damuwa sun bayyana. Har ila yau, hypothyroidism na iya bayyana ta hanyar raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da hankali, kumburin fuska da ƙafafu, da asarar gashi. A cikin maza, wannan ciwo na iya kasancewa tare da raguwa a cikin libido da ƙarfin hali, a cikin mata - cin zarafin tsarin haila. Anemia wata alama ce ta gama gari ta hypothyroidism.

Cutar kabari (difffuse guba goiter)

A cikin yanayin wannan cuta, tsarin rigakafi na jiki yana samar da kwayoyin cutar da ke "ƙarfafa" glandon thyroid don yin aiki fiye da yadda ya kamata. A sakamakon haka, wani wuce haddi na thyroid hormones bayyana a cikin jiki, wanda korau rinjayar da yawa gabobin da kuma tsarin, musamman juyayi da kuma zuciya da jijiyoyin jini tsarin.

Alamomin farko na cutar kaburbura sune: bugun zuciya, gumi, rage kiba a bayan karuwar sha'awa, raunin tsoka, jin haushi da rashin jin dadi.⁸. A mafi yawan lokuta, glandon thyroid yana karuwa kuma ya zama bayyane. Sau da yawa, cutar Graves tana tare da ophthalmopathy na endocrin, wanda ke bayyana ta exophthalmos (ƙumburi idanu) da kumburin fatar ido.

"Kasancewar ciwon ido a mafi yawan lokuta alama ce ta goiter mai guba," in ji masanin mu. - Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa cutar Graves cuta ce mai sake dawowa. A mafi yawan lokuta, yana dawowa, wanda ke sa ka yi tunani game da zabar hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita.

Yaduwa da nodular euthyroid goiter

Euthyroid goiter kuma ana kiransa mara guba. A cikin wannan yanayin, ana samun karuwar girman glandar thyroid ba tare da damuwa da aikinsa ba. Matsalolin matsalar na iya zama daban-daban: ciwon goiter wani lokaci kawai ana iya gani, wani lokacin kuma ana iya gani da ido tsirara.

Akwai dalilai da yawa don bunkasa irin wannan ilimin cututtuka, amma mafi yawan su shine rashi na iodine, wanda ya zama dole don kira na hormones thyroid. Don ƙara yawan samar da hormones, glandon thyroid ya fara karuwa a girman.

Tare da goiter mai yaduwa, ƙarfe yana ƙaruwa daidai gwargwado, kuma tare da goiter nodular, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan girma ko nodes suna bayyana a ciki. Suna iya zama ɗaya ko ma yawa. Hakanan akwai nau'in cutar gauraye - yaduwa-nodular. A cikin 95% na mutane, nodules ba su da kyau. Duk da haka, wannan pathology yana buƙatar ganewar asali a hankali don ware ciwon daji na thyroid.

Autoimmune thyroiditis

Cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan thyroid na autoimmune etiology na iya haifar da hypothyroidism. Autoimmune thyroiditis za a iya gano ba zato ba tsammani kuma ba a tare da rashin aiki na thyroid gland shine yake.

Abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban wannan cuta sun haɗa da: gado, ilimin halitta mara kyau, rashin aiki na tsarin rigakafi.

"Yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, glandon thyroid yana fuskantar canje-canje na sclerotic kuma a hankali yana rage ayyukansa," in ji masanin ilimin endocrin Elena Kulikova. – Yanayin cutar na iya zama a hankali da hanzari. Ba za ku taɓa sani ba a gaba ta yaya nan da nan glandon thyroid zai rasa aikinsa. Domin kada ku rasa wannan lokacin kuma ku fara maganin maye gurbin akan lokaci, muna ba ku shawara ku ba da gudummawar jini don TSH a kalla sau ɗaya a shekara.

Ciwon Jiki

Ciwon daji na thyroid a mafi yawan lokuta yana da bambanci sosai. Wannan yana nufin cewa girma da ci gaban ƙwayar cuta yana da hankali sosai. Duk da haka, akwai kuma m nau'i na cutar, don haka ya kamata ka yi taka-tsan-tsan da kuma dace sha wani duban dan tayi na thyroid gland shine yake, kuma, idan ya cancanta, yi wani lafiya-allura buri biopsy.

Dangane da asalin, akwai papillary, follicular da medullary thyroid cancer. A mafi yawan lokuta, nau'ikan ciwon daji na papillary da follicular marasa ƙarfi suna faruwa. Tare da jiyya na lokaci, ingancin rayuwar mai haƙuri a zahiri ba ya wahala. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ƙananan hanyoyin ɓarke ​​​​na maganin tiyata sun wadatar. Koyaya, lokacin da tsari ke gudana ko ba a gano shi cikin lokaci ba, ana buƙatar aiki mai tsanani.

Yaya ake bi da thyroid na ɗan adam?

Cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da rashin hormones na thyroid bisa ga "ma'auni na zinariya" suna ba da shawarar maganin maye gurbin. Levothyroxine sodium da aka fi amfani dashi⁹. Alamar nadin L-thyroxine shine kawai hypothyroidism. A wasu yanayi, nadinsa ba shi da ma'ana kuma yana iya zama haɗari.

Ana amfani da magungunan Thyrostatic don magance yawan cututtukan thyroid da ke hade da yawan aiki.

Hanyoyin jiyya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun haɗa da maganin radioiodine da ayyukan tiyata. Don fahimtar wane hanyar magani ya dace da ku, kuna buƙatar tuntuɓar likita.

Maganin maye gurbin

Ana ba da irin wannan nau'in magani a cikin lokuta inda aikin thyroid ya ragu, kuma maye gurbinsa gaba ɗaya ko a sashi ya zama dole. Ayyukan maganin maye gurbin hormone shine daidaita matakin hormones na thyroid.

Maganin zaɓi shine L-thyroxine. Yana da matukar muhimmanci a zabi isasshen adadin mutum kuma ku sha miyagun ƙwayoyi daidai: a kan komai a ciki, da safe, minti 30 kafin abinci, tare da ruwa. Idan an keta umarnin, jin daɗin rayuwa na iya yin muni.

Matakan thyroid na al'ada na al'ada suna da mahimmanci musamman a lokacin daukar ciki. An wajabta L-thyroxine ga mata masu juna biyu idan ya cancanta, yana da lafiya gaba ɗaya ga uwa da tayin.

Maganin Thyrostatic

Ana amfani dashi don maganin thyrotoxicosis. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da shirye-shiryen thiourea (thiamazole, propylthiouracil). Suna tarawa a cikin thyroid gland kuma toshe kira na thyroid hormones. An wajabta maganin Thyrostatic na tsawon shekaru 1-1,5, ko kuma ana amfani dashi azaman matakin shiri kafin tiyata.

Lokacin shan thyreostatics, a wasu lokuta, sakamako masu illa daga hanta da tsarin jini yana yiwuwa. Sabili da haka, a lokacin gwajin kulawa, ya zama dole don ɗaukar gwajin jini ba kawai don adadin hormones na thyroid ba, har ma da gwajin jini na asibiti da sifofin hanta.

A kan bangon maganin thyreostatic, rashin lafiyar fata rashes yana yiwuwa. Yana da matukar mahimmanci a lura da sashi da yanayin shan magungunan.

Hanyoyin tiyata

Bukatar da girman tiyata ya dogara da nau'in cutar thyroid. Tare da goiter mai guba mai yaduwa, ana nuna thyroidectomy (cikakken cire glandon thyroid). Ga ciwace-ciwace daban-daban, ko dai thyroidectomy ko hemithyroidectomy (cirewa partially). Adadin aikin tiyata yana ƙayyade ta likitan tiyata-endocrinologist ko ƙwararren endocrinologist.

Ana iya yin aikin ta hanyar buɗewa (na gargajiya) ko ƙaramin ɓarna (endoscopic). Hanyoyin Endoscopic (ba tare da manyan incisions ba) suna da fa'idodi da ba za a iya musun su ba akan buɗaɗɗen tiyata: ƙarancin lalacewa na nama, ɗan gajeren lokacin gyarawa, kusan tabo marasa ganuwa bayan tiyata.

Maganin tiyata na thyroid Pathology yana da nasa tabbataccen alamun. Akwai yanayi da yawa (misali, nodes na colloid) waɗanda basa buƙatar magani na tiyata kuma suna ƙarƙashin kulawa mai ƙarfi.

Radioiodine far

Jiyya tare da iodine radioactive wata hanya ce ta magani mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na nau'ikan goiter masu guba. Ana amfani da shi idan cutar ta sake dawowa kullum, kuma maganin thyreostatic bai haifar da sakamako ba. Ana ba da shawarar maganin radioiodine ga ƙananan goiters don guje wa tiyata. 

Likitoci sun gamsu cewa maganin iodine na rediyoaktif baya shafar haɗarin haɓakar ciwon daji na thyroid¹⁰. Contraindications: ciki, lactation, endocrine ophthalmopathy.

Yadda ake kiyaye thyroid lafiya a gida

Wani muhimmin abu don aikin yau da kullun na glandar thyroid shine aidin. Bukatar yau da kullun don shi ya dogara da shekaru: har zuwa shekaru 5 - 90 mcg, har zuwa shekaru 12 - 120 mcg, daga shekaru 12 - 150 mcg, ga mata masu ciki da masu shayarwa - 250 mcg¹¹.

Ba koyaushe ana iya samun rabon aidin na yau da kullun daga abinci ba, don haka likitoci sukan rubuta magungunan da ke ɗauke da aidin. Duk da haka, kada mutum ya kasance mai himma wajen shan shirye-shiryen iodine. A wasu lokuta, ana iya samun adadin yau da kullun ta amfani da iodized ko gishirin teku a cikin abinci.

Ana iya haifar da cututtuka na thyroid ta hanyar damuwa, yawan aiki, cututtuka na ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, cututtuka na yau da kullum na sassan numfashi na sama. Idan kana son glandon thyroid ya ji dadi kuma yayi aiki ba tare da kasawa ba, kana buƙatar ƙarfafa tsarin rigakafi, jagoranci salon rayuwa mai kyau, kauce wa damuwa da samun isasshen barci.

Alas, wasu dalilai (misali, tsinkayar kwayoyin halitta) ba za a iya yin tasiri ba. Saboda haka, idan kun san cewa kuna da tarihin iyali na cututtukan thyroid, kula da yanayinsa tare da duban dan tayi na shekara-shekara da gwajin jini don TSH.

Shahararrun tambayoyi da amsoshi

Masanin mu, masanin ilimin endocrinologist Elena Kulikova, ya amsa tambayoyi game da aikin glandar thyroid.

Sources:

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