Adadin buroshin hakori da ake amfani da su da kuma zubar da su a kowace shekara yana ƙaruwa akai-akai tun bayan ƙaddamar da buroshin haƙori na farko a cikin 1930s. Shekaru aru-aru, ana yin buroshin hakori daga kayan halitta, amma a farkon karni na 20, masana'antun sun fara amfani da nailan da sauran robobi don yin buroshin hakori. Filastik kusan ba shi da lalacewa, wanda ke nufin cewa kusan kowane buroshin hakori da aka yi tun a shekarun 1930 har yanzu yana nan a wani wuri a matsayin shara.
Mafi kyawun ƙirƙira na kowane lokaci?
Ya zama cewa mutane suna matukar son goge hakora. Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da MIT ta gudanar a shekara ta 2003 ta gano cewa kimar buroshin hakori sun fi motoci, kwamfutoci, da wayoyin hannu saboda masu amsa sun fi cewa ba za su iya rayuwa ba tare da su ba.
Masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano “sandunan haƙori” a cikin kaburburan Masar. Buddha ya tauna rassan don goge hakora. Marubucin Romawa Pliny the Elder ya lura cewa “hakora za su yi ƙarfi idan ka tsince su da gashin naman rani,” kuma mawaƙin Romawa Ovid ya yi jayayya cewa wanke haƙoranka kowace safiya abu ne mai kyau.
Kula da hakori ya shagaltu da tunanin Sarkin Hongzhi na kasar Sin a karshen shekarun 1400, wanda ya kirkiro na'ura mai kama da goga da muka sani a yau. Yana da guntun guntun boar mai kauri wanda aka aske daga wuyan alade kuma aka saita shi zuwa kashi ko katako. Wannan zane mai sauƙi ya wanzu ba canzawa tsawon ƙarni da yawa. Amma gashin boar da hannayen kashi sun kasance kayayyaki masu tsada, don haka masu arziki ne kawai ke iya samun goge. Kowa sai ya yi da ƙulle-ƙulle, guntun zane, yatsu, ko ba komai. A farkon shekarun 1920, mutum daya ne kawai cikin mutane hudu a Amurka ke da buroshin hakori.
Yaƙi yana canza komai
Sai a ƙarshen karni na 19, manufar kula da hakori ga kowa da kowa, masu arziki da matalauta, ya fara shiga cikin hankalin jama'a. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan juyin mulki shine yaki.
A tsakiyar karni na 19, a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka, an ɗora bindigogi guda ɗaya a lokaci guda, tare da foda da harsasai waɗanda aka riga aka nannade su cikin takarda mai nauyi. Sojoji sai da suka yaga takardar da hakora, amma yanayin hakoran sojojin ba koyaushe ya bari hakan ba. Babu shakka wannan ita ce matsalar. Sojojin Kudu sun dauki likitocin hakora don ba da kulawar rigakafi. Misali, wani likitan hakori na soja ya tilasta wa sojojin da ke cikin rukuninsa su ajiye buroshin hakori a cikin maballinsu domin su kasance cikin sauki a kowane lokaci.
An ɗauki ƙarin manyan ƙungiyoyin sojoji guda biyu don samun buroshin hakori a kusan kowane bandaki. A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, an horar da sojoji a fannin kula da hakora, an shigar da likitocin hakora zuwa bataliyoyin, da kuma ba da buroshin hakori ga sojoji. Lokacin da mayakan suka dawo gida, sun zo da dabi'ar goge hakora.
"Hanyar Dama don zama 'Yan Ƙasar Amirka"
A lokaci guda kuma, halaye game da tsaftar baki na canjawa a duk faɗin ƙasar. Likitocin hakora sun fara kallon kula da haƙora a matsayin al’amari na zamantakewa, ɗabi’a, har ma da kishin ƙasa. Wani likitan hakori ya rubuta a shekara ta 1904 cewa: “Idan za a iya hana haƙoran haƙora, zai yi amfani sosai ga gwamnati da kuma mutum ɗaya, tun da abin mamaki ne yadda yawancin cututtuka ke da alaƙa da hakora a kaikaice.”
Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da ke nuna fa'idodin haƙoran lafiya sun bazu a cikin ƙasar. A lokuta da dama, wadannan kamfen sun shafi talakawa, bakin haure da marasa galihu. An yi amfani da tsaftar baki sau da yawa a matsayin wata hanya ta “Amurka” al’ummomin.
Shayewar filastik
Yayin da buƙatun buroshin haƙori ke haɓaka, haka kuma samarwa, ta taimaka ta hanyar shigar da sabbin robobi.
A farkon shekarun 1900, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa, cakuda nitrocellulose da camphor, wani abu mai kamshi mai kamshi da aka samu daga camphor laurel, na iya zama wani abu mai ƙarfi, mai sheki, da kuma wani lokacin fashewa. Kayan, wanda ake kira "celluloid", yana da arha kuma ana iya ƙera shi zuwa kowane nau'i, cikakke don yin hannayen goge goge.
A shekara ta 1938, wani dakin gwaje-gwaje na kasar Japan ya samar da wani siriri, siriri mai siliki wanda yake fatan zai maye gurbin siliki da ake amfani da shi don yin parachute ga sojoji. Kusan lokaci guda, kamfanin sinadarai na Amurka DuPont ya fitar da nasa kayan fiber mai kyau, nailan.
Silky, ɗorewa kuma a lokaci guda kayan sassauƙa sun juya ya zama kyakkyawan maye gurbin bristles mai tsada da gaggautsa. A cikin 1938, wani kamfani mai suna Dr. West's ya fara samar da shugabannin "Dr. Yamma Miracle Brushes" tare da nailan bristles. Kayan roba, bisa ga kamfanin, sun tsaftace mafi kyau kuma sun dade fiye da tsoffin goge goge na bristle na halitta.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, an maye gurbin celluloid da sababbin robobi kuma ƙirar bristle sun zama mafi rikitarwa, amma gogewa ya kasance filastik.
A nan gaba ba tare da filastik ba?
Ƙungiyar Haƙori ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa kowa ya canza buroshin haƙorinsa kowane wata uku zuwa huɗu. Don haka, ana zubar da buroshin haƙora sama da biliyan ɗaya kowace shekara a Amurka kaɗai. Kuma idan kowa a duniya ya bi waɗannan shawarwarin, kimanin 23 biliyan brushes zai ƙare a cikin yanayi kowace shekara. Yawancin buroshin hakori ba sa sake yin amfani da su saboda hada robobin da ake yin yawancin buroshin hakori daga gare su suna da wahala, wani lokacin kuma ba zai yiwu ba, a sake sarrafa su yadda ya kamata.
A yau, wasu kamfanoni suna komawa ga kayan halitta kamar itace ko bristles na boar. Hannun goga na bamboo na iya magance ɓangaren matsalar, amma galibin waɗannan gogen suna da bristles na nailan. Wasu kamfanoni sun koma ga ƙira waɗanda aka fara gabatar da su kusan ƙarni ɗari da suka gabata: buroshin haƙori tare da kawunan masu cirewa.
Yana da matukar wahala a sami zaɓuɓɓukan goga ba tare da filastik ba. Amma duk wani zaɓi wanda zai rage yawan adadin kayan aiki da marufi da aka yi amfani da shi mataki ne a kan hanyar da ta dace.