Fiye da 4,5% na al'ummar Holland masu cin ganyayyaki ne. Ba a kwatanta da yawa ba, alal misali, tare da Indiya, inda akwai 30% daga cikinsu, amma bai isa ba ga Turai, inda har zuwa 70s na karni na karshe, cin nama ya kasance al'ada na duniya da maras kyau. Yanzu, kimanin mutanen Holland 750 suna maye gurbin gasa mai ɗanɗano ko gasa mai ƙamshi yau da kullun tare da kashi biyu na kayan lambu, kayan waken soya ko ƙwai masu banƙyama. Wasu saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya, wasu don matsalolin muhalli, amma babban dalili shine tausayi ga dabbobi.
Hocus Pocus mai cin ganyayyaki
A cikin 1891, shahararren ɗan ƙasar Holland Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis (1846-1919), ya ziyarci birnin Groningen kan kasuwanci, ya kalli wani gidan abinci na gida. Mai masaukin baki, wanda ya ji daɗin babban ziyarar, ya miƙa wa baƙo gilashin jan giya mafi kyau. Ga mamakinsa, Domela cikin ladabi ya ƙi, yana bayyana cewa bai sha barasa ba. Sai mai masaukin baƙi ya yanke shawarar faranta wa baƙon rai tare da cin abinci mai daɗi: “Yallabai! Faɗa mani abin da kuke so: naman nama mai jini ko mai kyau, ko ƙila nonon kaza ko haƙarƙarin naman alade? "Na gode sosai," Domela ta amsa, "amma ba na cin nama. Ku bauta mini da gurasar hatsin rai da cuku.” Ma'aikacin masaukin, ya gigita da irin wannan son rai na jiki, ya yanke shawarar cewa mai yawo yana wasa da wasan barkwanci, ko kuma watakila ya fita hayyacinsa… Tarihin Domela Nieuwenhuis yana da wadatar juzu'i masu kaifi. Bayan ya kammala karatun tauhidi, ya yi hidima a matsayin fasto na Lutheran na tsawon shekaru tara, kuma a shekara ta 1879 ya bar cocin, ya bayyana kansa a matsayin wanda bai yarda da Allah ba. Wataƙila Nieuwenhuys ya rasa bangaskiyarsa saboda mugun bugu na kaddara: a lokacin da yake da shekaru 34 ya riga ya zama gwauruwa sau uku, dukan ma'aurata uku sun mutu a lokacin haihuwa. An yi sa'a, wannan mugun dutsen ya wuce aurensa na hudu. Domela na daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar gurguzu a kasar, amma a shekarar 1890 ya yi ritaya daga siyasa, sannan ya shiga mulkin kama karya ya zama marubuci. Ya ƙi nama saboda tabbataccen tabbacin cewa a cikin al'umma mai adalci mutum ba shi da ikon kashe dabbobi. Babu wani abokinsa da ya goyi bayan Nieuwenhuis, an dauki ra'ayinsa a matsayin wauta. Ƙoƙarin tabbatar da shi a idanunsu, waɗanda ke kewaye da shi har ma sun zo da nasu bayanin: ya yi zargin cewa yana azumi saboda haɗin kai da matalauta ma'aikata, wanda nama ya bayyana a kan tebur kawai a kan bukukuwa. A cikin da'irar iyali, mai cin ganyayyaki na farko kuma bai sami fahimta ba: dangi sun fara guje wa gidansa, suna la'akari da liyafar ba tare da nama mai ban sha'awa ba da rashin jin daɗi. Ɗan’uwa Adrian ya yi fushi da fushi ya ƙi gayyatarsa zuwa Sabuwar Shekara, kuma ya ƙi ya magance “pocus ganyaye.” Kuma likitan iyali har ma ya kira Domela a matsayin mai laifi: bayan haka, ya jefa lafiyar matarsa da 'ya'yansa cikin haɗari ta hanyar sanya musu abincin da ba za a yi tsammani ba.
Hatsari mai haɗari
Domela Nieuwenhuis bai daɗe da zama shi kaɗai ba, a hankali ya sami mutane masu tunani iri ɗaya, kodayake da farko akwai kaɗan daga cikinsu. A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1894, bisa yunƙurin likita Anton Vershor, an kafa ƙungiyar masu cin ganyayyaki ta Netherlands, wacce ta ƙunshi mambobi 33. Shekaru goma bayan haka, adadinsu ya karu zuwa 1000, kuma bayan shekaru goma - zuwa 2000. Al'umma sun sadu da masu adawa da nama na farko ba tare da abokantaka ba, har ma da abokan gaba. A cikin Mayu 1899, jaridar Amsterdam ta buga labarin Dr. Peter Teske, wanda a cikinta ya bayyana mummunan hali game da cin ganyayyaki: kafa. Ana iya tsammanin komai daga mutanen da ke da irin wannan tunanin na ruɗi: mai yiyuwa ne ba da daɗewa ba za su yi yawo tsirara a kan tituna. " Har ila yau, jaridar Hague "Mutane" ba ta gaji da zagin masu goyon bayan abinci mai gina jiki ba, amma jima'i mai rauni ya sami mafi yawan: "Wannan wata mace ce ta musamman: daya daga cikin wadanda suka yanke gashin kansu har ma da neman shiga zaben. !” A bayyane yake, haƙuri ya zo ga Yaren mutanen Holland daga baya, kuma a ƙarshen karni na sha tara da farkon karni na ashirin sun ji haushi a fili ga waɗanda suka fice daga taron. Waɗannan sun haɗa da masu ilimin tauhidi, ƴan anthroposophists, ƴan adam, anarchists, tare da masu cin ganyayyaki. Duk da haka, wajen dangana wa na ƙarshe ra'ayi na musamman na duniya, mutanen gari da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ba su yi kuskure ba. Mambobin farko na ƙungiyar masu cin ganyayyaki sun kasance mabiyan babban marubucin Rasha Leo Tolstoy, wanda, yana da shekaru hamsin, ya ƙi nama, jagorancin ka'idodin ɗabi'a. Abokan haɗin gwiwarsa na Holland sun kira kansu Tolstoyans (tolstojanen) ko kuma Kiristocin anarchist, kuma riko da koyarwar Tolstoy ba ta iyakance ga akidar abinci mai gina jiki ba. Kamar babban dan kasarmu, sun gamsu cewa mabuɗin kafa al'umma mai kyakkyawar manufa shi ne haɓaka mutum. Bugu da kari, sun yi kira da a soke hukuncin kisa da kuma daidaiton hakkin mata. To amma duk da irin wannan ra'ayi na ci gaba, yunkurinsu na shiga harkar gurguzu ya kare a kasa, kuma nama ya zama sanadin sabani! Bayan haka, masu ra'ayin gurguzu sun yi wa ma'aikata alkawarin daidaito da tsaro na kayan aiki, wanda ya hada da yawan nama a kan tebur. Daga nan kuma sai wadannan masu kiba suka fito daga ko’ina kuma suka yi barazanar rudar komai! Kuma kiraye-kirayen da suke yi na cewa kada a kashe dabbobi ba komai ba ne ... Gabaɗaya, masu cin ganyayyaki na farko da suka fara siyasantar da su sun sha wahala: har ma ƴan ƙasa masu ci gaba sun ƙi su.
Sannu a hankali
Membobin Ƙungiyar Masu cin ganyayyaki na Netherlands ba su yanke ƙauna ba kuma sun nuna juriya mai kishi. Sun ba da goyon bayansu ga ma'aikatan cin ganyayyaki, da ake kira (ko da yake ba a yi nasara ba) don gabatar da abinci mai gina jiki a cikin gidajen yari da sojoji. A kan yunƙurinsu, a cikin 1898, an buɗe gidan cin abinci na farko na masu cin ganyayyaki a Hague, sannan da yawa sun bayyana, amma kusan duk sun yi fatara da sauri. Ba da laccoci da buga ƙasidu, ƙasidu da tarin kayan abinci, membobin ƙungiyar sun himmatu wajen haɓaka abincinsu na ɗan adam da lafiya. Amma ba kasafai ake daukar gardamarsu da muhimmanci ba: girmama nama da rashin kula da kayan lambu sun yi karfi sosai.
Wannan ra'ayi ya canza bayan yakin duniya na farko, lokacin da ya bayyana a fili cewa cutar beriberi ta wurare masu zafi ta haifar da rashin bitamin. Kayan lambu, musamman a cikin ɗanyen nau'i, sannu a hankali ya kafu a cikin abinci, cin ganyayyaki ya fara tayar da sha'awa kuma a hankali ya zama na zamani. Yaƙin Duniya na biyu ya kawo ƙarshen wannan: a lokacin mamaya babu lokacin gwaji, kuma bayan 'yantar da nama ya kasance mai daraja ta musamman: Likitocin Holland sun yi iƙirarin cewa sunadaran da baƙin ƙarfe da ke cikinsa sun zama dole don dawo da lafiya da ƙarfi bayan haka. da yunwar hunturu na 1944-1945. Ƙananan masu cin ganyayyaki na farkon shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance na masu goyon bayan koyarwar anthroposophical, wanda ya hada da ra'ayin abinci mai gina jiki. Haka kuma akwai masu zaman kansu da ba sa cin nama a matsayin wata alama ta nuna goyon baya ga al'ummomin Afirka da ke fama da yunwa.
Game da dabbobi tunanin kawai ta 70s. Masanin ilimin halitta Gerrit Van Putten ne ya fara farawa, wanda ya sadaukar da kansa ga nazarin halayen dabbobi. Sakamakon ya ba kowa mamaki: ya zama cewa shanu, awaki, tumaki, kaji da sauransu, wanda har sai an yi la'akari da kawai abubuwa na noma, suna iya tunani, ji da wahala. Hankalin aladu ya burge Van Putten musamman, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa bai kai na karnuka ba. A cikin 1972, masanin ilimin halitta ya kafa gonakin zanga-zanga: wani nau'in nunin nunin da ke nuna yanayin da ake ajiye dabbobi da tsuntsaye marasa dadi. A cikin wannan shekarar, ’yan adawa na masana’antun halittu sun haɗa kai a cikin Ƙungiyar Beast Society, waɗanda ke adawa da ƙuƙumi, ƙazanta alkalama da keji, abinci mara kyau, da hanyoyi masu raɗaɗi na kashe “ƙananan mazauna gona.” Yawancin waɗannan masu fafutuka da masu goyon baya sun zama masu cin ganyayyaki. Sanin cewa a ƙarshe, duk shanu - a kowane irin yanayin da aka ajiye su - sun ƙare a cikin mahauta, ba sa so su kasance masu shiga tsakani a cikin wannan tsari na hallaka. Irin waɗannan mutane ba a la'akari da su na asali da almubazzaranci, an fara girmama su. Daga nan kuma suka daina rarrabawa kwata-kwata: cin ganyayyaki ya zama ruwan dare gama gari.
Dystrophics ko centenarians?
A shekara ta 1848, wani likitan ɗan ƙasar Holland Jacob Jan Pennink ya rubuta: “Abincin dare ba tare da nama ba kamar gida ne marar tushe.” A cikin karni na 19, likitoci sun yi iƙirarin cewa cin nama tabbaci ne na lafiya, kuma, saboda haka, yanayin da ya dace don kiyaye al'umma mai lafiya. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Birtaniya, shahararrun masoyan naman sa, ana daukar su a matsayin mafi iko a duniya! Masu fafutuka na Ƙungiyar Masu cin ganyayyaki na Netherlands suna buƙatar nuna basira mai yawa don girgiza wannan ingantaccen koyaswar. Ganin cewa maganganun kai tsaye ba za su haifar da rashin yarda ba, sai suka tunkari lamarin a hankali. Mujallar Vegetarian Bulletin ta buga labaru game da yadda mutane suka sha wahala, suka yi rashin lafiya har ma sun mutu bayan cin nama mara kyau, wanda, a hanya, ya dubi kuma ya ɗanɗana sabo… cututtuka, tsawon rai, da kuma wani lokacin ma suna taimakawa wajen warkar da marasa lafiya ta mu'ujiza. Masu tsattsauran ra’ayin nama sun yi iƙirarin cewa bai narke gaba ɗaya ba, ɓangarorinsa sun bar su su ruɓe a cikin ciki, suna haifar da ƙishirwa, shuɗi, har ma da tashin hankali. Sun ce canza zuwa cin abinci na tsire-tsire zai rage laifuka kuma watakila ma ya haifar da zaman lafiya a duniya! Abin da waɗannan gardama suka ginu a kai har yanzu ba a san su ba.
A halin yanzu, amfanin ko lahani na cin ganyayyaki na ci gaba da karuwa da likitocin Holland, an gudanar da bincike da yawa akan wannan batu. A farkon karni na 20, an fara bayyana shakku game da bukatar nama a cikin abincinmu a cikin jarida na kimiyya. Fiye da shekaru ɗari sun shuɗe tun lokacin, kuma a zahiri kimiyya ba ta da shakka game da fa'idar barin nama. An nuna cewa masu cin ganyayyaki ba sa iya fama da kiba, hauhawar jini, cututtukan zuciya, ciwon sukari, da wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana jin muryoyin raunana, suna tabbatar mana da cewa idan ba tare da ƙwanƙwasa, broth da ƙafar kaza ba, ba makawa za mu bushe. Amma muhawara game da lafiya batu ne na daban.
Kammalawa
Ƙungiyar masu cin ganyayyaki ta Dutch har yanzu tana nan a yau, har yanzu tana adawa da masana'antar halittu kuma tana ba da shawarar fa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki na tushen shuka. Duk da haka, ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rayuwar jama'a na kasar, yayin da akwai karin masu cin ganyayyaki a cikin Netherlands: a cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce, adadin su ya ninka sau biyu. Daga cikin su akwai wasu nau'ikan mutane masu tsaurin ra'ayi: masu cin ganyayyaki waɗanda ke ware duk wani kayan abinci na asalin dabba daga abincin su: kwai, madara, zuma da ƙari mai yawa. Har ila yau, akwai waɗanda suka wuce gona da iri: suna ƙoƙari su gamsu da 'ya'yan itatuwa da goro, suna gaskata cewa tsire-tsire ma ba za a iya kashe su ba.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, wanda ra'ayoyinsa suka yi wahayi zuwa ga masu fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi na farko na Dutch, sun sha bayyana bege cewa a ƙarshen karni na ashirin, duk mutane za su daina nama. Har yanzu dai begen marubucin bai cika cika ba. Amma watakila lokaci ne kawai, kuma nama zai ɓace a hankali daga teburin mu? Yana da wuya a yi imani da wannan: al'adar tana da ƙarfi sosai. Amma a daya bangaren, wa ya sani? Rayuwa sau da yawa ba za a iya tsinkaya ba, kuma cin ganyayyaki a Turai wani lamari ne na matasa. Wataƙila har yanzu yana da sauran tafiya!