Gametes su ne ƙwayoyin haihuwa da ake kira maniyyi a cikin maza da ƙwai a cikin mata. Suna cikin gland na jima'i, wanda kuma ake kira gonads. Gonads a cikin maza sune gwajin gwaji kuma a cikin mata sune ovaries. Muna magana akan "gamete", sunan namiji.

An samo kalmar "gamete" daga tsoffin sunayen Girkanci, "γαμ? Της ”, gametes da“ γαμ? Τις ”, gametes, waɗanda ke nufin miji da mata bi da bi.

Gametes su ne ƙwayoyin haploid, wato, suna ɗauke da cikakken tarin chromosomes ɗin mu, a cikin kwafi guda ɗaya kowanne.

A cikin mata

Kwayoyin mata, wanda ake kira ova, ovaries ne ke yin su. Muna da biyu, ɗaya hagu da ɗaya dama. Ovaries suna yin kwai ɗaya a kowane wata. Wannan ovum yana da tsakiya da ke kewaye da cytoplasm, wanda membrane ya ɗaure. Saboda haka ovum sel ne.

Waɗannan sel na haihuwa, tare da girman 0,1 mm a diamita, haploid ne. Suna da kwafi ɗaya kawai na kowane chromosome, akasin haka zuwa sel diploid, wanda ya ƙunshi homologs biyu na kowane chromosome. Sun ƙunshi chromosomes guda ɗaya guda 22 + 1 chromosome na jima'i). Ana yin gametes na mata yayin oogenesis, sake zagayowar mahaifa, lokaci tsakanin lokacin haila.

Kafin mace ta balaga, tana da abin da ake kira follicles ovarian. Yana da tarin ƙwayoyin siffa a cikin ovaries, wanda ke ɗauke da abin da ake kira oocyte, (ƙwai wanda ba shi da kyau) wanda aka saki yayin ovulation.

Sai a lokacin balaga ne follicles ke shafar balagarsu da ake buƙata don yin ovulation, sannan suna ƙaruwa da girma. Daga nan ovaries suna aiki akai -akai kuma biyun suna samar da kwai.

Don haka, a kowane wata, ƙwayar mahaifa tana balaga, a cikin ɗayan ko ɗayan, kafin fitar da ƙwan ta: daga nan muna magana game da ovulation. Wannan al’amari, wanda ake maimaitawa kowane wata, lokacin da babu taki, saboda haka yana da hawan keke, kamar yadda ake yin haila.

Kwai ba ya motsi kuma gamete ne mai iya haihuwa. Idan babu taki, kwai da ovary ya saki ya tsotse ta cikin pinna na proboscis kuma an zana shi a hankali. Yana wucewa ta cikin mahaifa sannan daga baya ya cire ta.

A lokacin rayuwarta, mace tana samar da iyakance adadin ƙwai, kusan 400. Samar da ƙwai, da kuma lokutan da suka tsaya kusan shekaru 50, ana kiran wannan sabon abu menopause.

A cikin mutane

Maza gametes a wasu kalmomin spermatozoa sel ne masu motsi waɗanda suka fi tsayi fiye da 60 micrometers (0.06 mm), wanda micrometer 5 kawai ke kan kai.

Wadannan maniyyin, wanda ke da siffa kamar tadpole na kwadi, ya kasu kashi uku: kai, sashi na tsakiya da jela. Kan kai mai siffa mai ƙyalli yana ɗauke da tsakiya wanda shi kansa ke ɗaukar chromosomes. Su ne chromosomes 23 da ake kira autosomes + 1 chromosome musamman ga lambar jima'i, wato a ce wacce ke tantance jinsi na mutum, namiji ko mace.

Yankin tsakiya ya ƙunshi mitochondria da abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda ke ba da damar maniyyi ya motsa. A ƙarshe, maniyyin yana da dogon jela, wanda ake kira flagellum, wanda zai ba shi damar yaɗa kansa ta hanyar doguwar hanyar mahaifa ta mace don isa ƙwai da taki.

A cikin maza, samar da maniyyi, wanda ake kira spermatogenesis, yana farawa daga balaga, lokacin balaga kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa mutuwarsu. Tsarin maniyyi yana ɗaukar matsakaicin kwanaki 64, don haka yana ɗaukar kusan watanni biyu da rabi kafin gwajin ya yi maniyyi. Kuma al'aurar ta sa ta ci gaba. Kodayake samarwa yana ƙarƙashin bambancin, ana ɗaukar matsakaicin samarwa shine maniyyi miliyan 100 a kowace rana.

Gwaje -gwajen suna samar da maniyyi, amma kuma ruwan abinci mai gina jiki wanda ƙwayayen maniyyi da prostate ke samarwa. Wannan cakuda yana samar da maniyyi. Ya ƙunshi 90% ruwa mai gina jiki da 10% maniyyi.

Gametes sel ne na musamman waɗanda aikinsu shine tabbatar da haifuwar jima'i. Don hadi ya faru, dole ne maniyyi ya sadu da ƙwai kuma ya haɗu da shi. Yawan maniyyi ɗaya galibi ƙwai ne ke karɓa, wanda ke rufewa ta atomatik da zarar ya shiga hanya ga sauran.

Yayin dangantakar jima'i, zasu iya haɗawa da gametes na jinsi kuma mutum yayi magana sannan akan hadi, wanda wataƙila zai haifar da sabon ɗan adam.

Akwai lokuta da yawa inda maza da mata gametes zasu iya nuna abubuwan da basu dace ba. Ko dai a cikin samar da su, rashi ko rashin isasshen maniyyi, ko ova don hadi. Maniyyi ba shi da isasshen isa ga kwai, yana sanya kwan a wuri mara kyau.

Har ila yau, akwai wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda suka haɗa da ɓarna a nan gaba ko cututtukan ƙwayar ɗan tayi, wannan shine yanayin Trisomy 21. Sau da yawa ba a ɗaukar amfrayo zuwa jikin mace da ta gano wani ɓarnar.

Ana yin gwaje -gwaje a matakai daban -daban na ciki don hana haɗarin haɗarin kwayoyin halitta.

Gudunmawar Gamete ta shafi ma’auratan shekarun haihuwa waɗanda dole ne su nemi taimakon likitanci, ko dai saboda ɗaya daga cikin ma’auratan na fama da rashin lafiya da aka gano a asibiti, ko kuma saboda akwai haɗarin watsa cutar musamman ga yaro ko ga ɗaya daga cikin ma’auratan.

Kamar duk sauran gudummawar abubuwa da samfuran jikin ɗan adam, gudummawar gametes wani aiki ne na haɗin kai, wanda ke ƙarƙashin manyan ka'idodin dokar bioethics: rashin sani, kyauta da yarda.

Adadin ma'auratan da ke jiran ba da gudummawar gametes da rashin ba da gudummawa gaskiya ne. Adadin ma'aurata da aka yi rijista a jerin jira na cibiyoyin da aka ba da izini na ƙaruwa kowace shekara. Tsarin aikin minista na shekara ta 2017-2021 yana ba da fifiko ga haɓaka gudummawar gamete don matsawa zuwa wadatar ƙasa.