Marubucin shine SL Bratchenko, Mataimakin Farfesa na Sashen Ilimin Halitta, Jami'ar Pedagogical Jihar Rasha. Herzen, dan takarar ilimin halin dan Adam. Kimiyya. An buga ainihin labarin a jaridar Psychological Newspaper N 01 (16) 1997.
… Mu halittu ne, sabili da haka, zuwa wani matsayi, dukkanmu masu wanzuwa ne.
J. Bugental, R. Kleiner
Hanyar wanzuwa da ɗan adam ba ta cikin masu sauƙi. Wahala suna farawa da sunan kanta. Don magance wannan, ɗan tarihi kaɗan.
Hanyar wanzuwa a cikin ilimin halin dan adam ya taso a Turai a farkon rabin karni na XNUMX a mahaɗin yanayi guda biyu: a gefe guda, rashin gamsuwa da yawancin masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali tare da ra'ayoyin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun lokaci da kuma fuskantar wata manufa, nazarin kimiyya na mutum; a gefe guda, yana da haɓaka mai ƙarfi na falsafar wanzuwa, wanda ya nuna sha'awar ilimin halin ɗan adam da tabin hankali. A sakamakon haka, wani sabon yanayi ya bayyana a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam - wanda yake wanzuwa, wanda ake wakilta da sunaye kamar Karl Jaspers, Ludwig Binswanger, Medard Boss, Viktor Frankl da sauransu.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tasirin wanzuwa akan ilimin halin ɗan adam bai iyakance ga fitowar ainihin jagorar wanzuwar ba - yawancin makarantu na tunani sun haɗa waɗannan ra'ayoyin zuwa mataki ɗaya ko wani. Manufofin wanzuwa suna da ƙarfi musamman a cikin E. Fromm, F. Perls, K. Horney, SL weshtein, da dai sauransu. Wannan yana ba mu damar yin magana game da dangin duka na hanyoyin da suka dace da kuma bambanta tsakanin wanzuwar ilimin halin ɗan adam ( far) a cikin ma'ana mai faɗi da kunkuntar. . A cikin al'amarin na ƙarshe, ra'ayi na wanzuwar mutum yana aiki a matsayin tabbataccen matsayi mai mahimmanci kuma akai-akai aiwatar da shi. Da farko, wannan ingantaccen yanayin wanzuwar (a cikin kunkuntar ma'ana) ana kiransa wanzuwa-fasahanci ko wanzuwa-bincike kuma lamari ne na Turai zalla. Amma bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tsarin wanzuwar ya yadu a Amurka. Haka kuma, a cikin manyan wakilansa akwai wasu jagorori na uku, juyin juya halin dan Adam a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam (wanda, bi da bi, ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin wanzuwar): Rollo MAY, James BUGENTAL da sauransu.
A fili, saboda haka, wasu daga cikinsu, musamman, J. BUGENTHAL sun fi son yin magana game da tsarin wanzuwar ɗan adam. Da alama irin wannan ƙungiyar tana da ma'ana kuma tana da ma'ana mai zurfi. Kasancewar wanzuwa da mutuntaka tabbas ba abu ɗaya ba ne; da sunan wanzuwa-humanistic ba wai kawai rashin kasancewarsu ba ne, har ma da tushen tushensu, wanda ya ƙunshi farko wajen fahimtar ƴancin mutum na gina rayuwarsa da kuma ikon yin haka.
Kwanan nan, an ƙirƙiri wani sashe na ilimin halin ɗan adam a cikin St. Petersburg Association for Training and Psychotherapy. Zai zama mafi daidai a ce wani rukuni na masu ilimin halin ɗan adam da masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali sun sami matsayi na hukuma, a zahiri suna aiki a cikin wannan jagorar tun 1992, lokacin a Moscow, a cikin tsarin taron kasa da kasa kan ilimin halin ɗan adam, mun sadu da Deborah RAHILLY, ɗalibi kuma mabiyin J. Bugental. Sai Deborah da abokan aikinta Robert NEYDER, Padma KATEL, Lanier KLANCY da sauransu da aka gudanar a lokacin 1992-1995. a St. Petersburg tarurrukan horo na 3 akan EGP. A cikin tazara tsakanin tarurrukan bita, ƙungiyar ta tattauna ƙwarewar da aka samu, manyan ra'ayoyi da hanyoyin dabarun aiki a wannan jagorar. Don haka, a matsayin sashe na asali (amma ba kawai) na wanzuwar ilimin halin ɗan adam ba, an zaɓi hanyar da aka zaɓa J. Bugentala, wanda babban tanadi shine kamar haka. (Amma da farko, 'yan kalmomi game da dadewa matsalar: abin da ya kamata mu kira su? Mutane da yawa sanannun al'ada psychologists a Rasha kwafin ba kawai samun wani sosai peculiar fassarar, misali, Abraham MASLOW, daya daga cikin manyan psychologists na karni na XNUMX, an san mu da Ibrahim Maslow, ko da yake, idan ka dubi tushen, to shi Abram Maslov, kuma idan ka dubi ƙamus, to Abraham Maslow, amma sun sami sunaye da yawa a lokaci daya, misali, Ronald. LAING, aka LANG. Musamman rashin sa'a James BUGENTAL - ana kiransa zaɓuɓɓuka uku ko fiye; Ina ganin yana da kyau a furta shi kamar yadda ya yi da kansa - BUGENTAL.)
Don haka, mafi mahimmancin tanadi na tsarin J. Bugentala, wanda shi kansa ya kira canjin rayuwa.
- Bayan duk wani matsalolin tunani na musamman a cikin rayuwar mutum yana da zurfi (kuma ba koyaushe ake gane shi ba) matsalolin wanzuwa na matsalar 'yancin zaɓi da alhakin, keɓewa da haɗin kai tare da sauran mutane, neman ma'anar rayuwa da amsoshin tambayoyin Menene. ni ko? Menene wannan duniyar? da dai sauransu A cikin tsarin wanzuwa-yan Adam, mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana nuna ji na musamman na wanzuwa, wanda ya ba shi damar kama wadannan matsalolin da suka ɓoye da kuma yin kira a bayan facade na matsalolin da aka bayyana da kuma gunaguni na abokin ciniki. Wannan shi ne batun maganin canza rayuwa: abokin ciniki da mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali suna aiki tare don taimakawa tsohon ya fahimci yadda suka amsa tambayoyin da suka dace na rayuwarsu, da kuma sake duba wasu amsoshin ta hanyoyin da za su sa rayuwar abokin ciniki ta zama mafi inganci kuma. cikawa.
- Hanyar wanzuwa da ɗan adam ta dogara ne akan sanin ɗan adam a cikin kowane mutum da kuma girmamawa ta farko ga keɓantacce da yancin kai. Har ila yau, yana nufin sanin mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali cewa mutum a cikin zurfin ainihinsa ba shi da tausayi maras tabbas kuma ba za a iya saninsa sosai ba, tun da shi da kansa zai iya zama tushen canje-canje a cikin halittarsa, yana lalata hasashe na haƙiƙa da sakamakon da ake tsammani.
- Mayar da hankali na mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, yana aiki a cikin tsarin wanzuwar ɗan adam, shine batun batun mutum, cewa, kamar yadda ya ce J. Bugenthal, ainihin mai cin gashin kanta da kuma kusancin gaske wanda muke rayuwa da gaske. Mahimmanci shine abubuwan da muke da su, buri, tunani, damuwa ... duk abin da ke faruwa a cikinmu kuma yana ƙayyade abin da muke yi a waje, kuma mafi mahimmanci - abin da muke yi daga abin da ya faru da mu a can. Mahimmancin abokin ciniki shine babban wurin aikace-aikacen ƙoƙarin mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, kuma batun kansa shine babban hanyar taimaka wa abokin ciniki.
- Ba tare da musun babban mahimmancin abubuwan da suka gabata da na gaba ba, tsarin wanzuwa- ɗan adam yana ba da jagorancin jagoranci don yin aiki a halin yanzu tare da ainihin abin da ke rayuwa a cikin batun mutum a halin yanzu, wanda ya dace a nan da yanzu. Yana cikin tsarin rayuwa kai tsaye, gami da abubuwan da suka faru a baya ko nan gaba, za a iya jin matsalolin da suka wanzu kuma a gane su sosai.
- Hanyar wanzuwa- ɗan adam maimakon saita takamaiman alkibla, wurin fahimtar mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na abin da ke faruwa a cikin jiyya, maimakon ƙayyadaddun tsarin fasaha da takaddun magani. Dangane da kowane yanayi, mutum na iya ɗaukar (ko a'a) matsayi na wanzuwa. Sabili da haka, wannan tsarin yana bambanta ta hanyar ban mamaki iri-iri da wadata na psychotechniques da aka yi amfani da su, ciki har da irin waɗannan ayyuka marasa magani kamar shawara, buƙata, koyarwa, da dai sauransu Matsayin Budget: a karkashin wasu yanayi, kusan kowane mataki na iya haifar da abokin ciniki don ƙarfafawa. aiki tare da subjectivity; Fasahar mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ta ta'allaka ne daidai da ikon yin amfani da duk kayan aikin da ke da wadata ba tare da wuce gona da iri ba. Don ƙirƙirar wannan fasaha na likitan ilimin likitanci ne Bugental ya bayyana mahimman sigogi 13 na aikin warkewa kuma ya haɓaka hanyar haɓaka kowane ɗayansu. A ganina, sauran hanyoyin ba za su iya yin alfahari da irin wannan zurfin da tsantsauran ra'ayi ba wajen haɓaka shiri don faɗaɗa yuwuwar kwararren mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali.
Tsare-tsare na sashin ilimin wanzuwa- ɗan adam sun haɗa da ƙarin nazari da haɓaka aikace-aikacen dukiyoyin ka'idodin ka'idoji da hanyoyin arsenal na tsarin wanzuwar ɗan adam. Muna gayyatar duk wanda yake so ya dauki matsayi mai wanzuwa a cikin ilimin halin dan adam da kuma rayuwa don yin aiki tare da shiga cikin aikin sashin.