A cikin 1797, Dokta Hufeland (wanda aka sani da "ɗaya daga cikin masu hankali a Jamus"), wanda ya yi nazarin batun rayuwa tsawon shekaru goma, ya gabatar da aikinsa na Art of Life Extension ga duniya. Daga cikin abubuwa da dama da ke da alaka da tsawon rai, ya kebance: daidaiton abinci mai cike da kayan marmari da ke tattare da nama da kayan zaki; salon rayuwa mai aiki; kula da hakori mai kyau kowane mako wanka a cikin ruwan dumi da sabulu; Mafarki mai kyau; iska mai dadi; da kuma dalilin gado. A ƙarshen makalarsa, da aka fassara zuwa mujallar wallafe-wallafen American Review, likitan ya ba da shawarar cewa “za a iya ninka tsawon rayuwar ’yan Adam idan aka kwatanta da na yanzu.”
Hufeland ta yi kiyasin cewa rabin yaran da aka haifa sun mutu kafin su cika shekaru goma, adadin mace-mace mai ban tsoro. Duk da haka, idan yaro ya iya jimre wa ƙanƙara, kyanda, rubella da sauran cututtuka na yara, yana da kyakkyawar damar rayuwa har zuwa shekaru talatin. Hufeland ya yi imanin cewa, a ƙarƙashin kyakkyawan yanayi, rayuwa na iya shimfiɗa har tsawon shekaru ɗari biyu.
Shin ya kamata a ɗauki waɗannan da'awar a matsayin wani abu fiye da tunanin wani likita na ƙarni na 18? James Waupel yana tunanin haka. "Tsarin rayuwa yana karuwa da shekaru biyu da rabi a kowace shekara goma," in ji shi. "Wannan shine shekaru ashirin da biyar a kowane karni." Vaupel - Darakta na Laboratory na Rayuwa da Tsawon Rayuwa na Cibiyar Nazarin Al'umma. Max Planck a birnin Rostock na Jamus, kuma ya nazarci ka'idojin tsawon rai da rayuwa a yawan mutane da dabbobi. A cewarsa, a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata, yanayin tsawon rayuwa ya canza sosai. Kafin 1950, yawancin tsawon rai ya samu ta hanyar yaƙar yawan mace-macen jarirai. Tun daga wannan lokacin, duk da haka, adadin mace-mace ya ragu ga mutanen da ke da shekaru 60 zuwa 80.
A takaice dai, ba wai kawai wasu mutane da yawa yanzu suna fuskantar ƙuruciya ba. Jama'a gabaɗaya suna rayuwa tsawon rai-ya fi tsayi.
Shekaru ya dogara da haɗuwa da abubuwa
A duk duniya, ana hasashen adadin masu shekaru 100 - mutane sama da shekaru 10 - zai karu sau 2010 tsakanin 2050 zuwa XNUMX. Kamar yadda Hufeland ta bayyana, ko ka kai wannan matakin ya danganta da tsawon rayuwar iyayenka; wato bangaren kwayoyin halitta shima yana shafar tsawon rayuwa. Amma karuwar masu shekaru ɗari ba za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta kaɗai ba, wanda a fili bai canza sosai ba a cikin ƙarni biyu da suka gabata. Maimakon haka, yawancin gyare-gyaren da aka samu a cikin ingancin rayuwar mu ne ke haɓaka damar mu na rayuwa mai tsawo da koshin lafiya - ingantacciyar kulawar lafiya, ingantacciyar kulawar likita, matakan kiwon lafiyar jama'a kamar ruwa mai tsabta da iska, ingantaccen ilimi, da ingantacciyar rayuwa. "Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan samun magunguna da kudade," in ji Vaupel.
Duk da haka, nasarorin da aka samu ta hanyar ingantaccen kiwon lafiya da yanayin rayuwa har yanzu ba su gamsar da mutane da yawa ba, kuma sha'awar ƙara tsawon rayuwar ɗan adam baya tunanin yin shuɗewa.
Shahararriyar hanya ita ce ƙuntata kalori. A baya a cikin 1930s, masu bincike sun lura da dabbobin da aka ciyar da matakan calories daban-daban kuma sun lura cewa wannan ya shafi rayuwarsu. Duk da haka, bincike na gaba ya nuna cewa abun ciki na caloric na abinci ba dole ba ne ya haɗa da tsawon rai, kuma masu binciken sun lura cewa duk ya dogara ne akan hadaddun hulɗar kwayoyin halitta, abinci mai gina jiki, da abubuwan muhalli.
Wani babban fata shi ne sinadarin resveratrol, wanda tsire-tsire ke samarwa, musamman a cikin fatar inabi. Duk da haka, da wuya mutum ya ce gonakin inabin suna cike da maɓuɓɓugar samartaka. An yi la'akari da wannan sinadari don samar da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya kamar waɗanda ake gani a cikin dabbobi waɗanda ke da iyakancewar kalori, amma har yanzu babu wani bincike da ya nuna cewa ƙarin resveratrol na iya ƙara tsawon rayuwar ɗan adam.
Rayuwa ba tare da iyakoki ba?
Amma me ya sa muke tsufa kwata-kwata? “Kowace rana muna fama da lahani iri-iri kuma ba ma warkewa sosai,” in ji Vaupel, “kuma wannan tarin lahani ne ke haddasa cututtuka masu nasaba da shekaru.” Amma wannan ba gaskiya bane ga dukkan halittu masu rai. Alal misali, hydras - rukuni na halittu masu kama da jellyfish - suna iya gyara kusan dukkanin lalacewa a jikinsu kuma suna iya kashe kwayoyin da suka lalace sosai don su warke. A cikin mutane, waɗannan ƙwayoyin da suka lalace suna iya haifar da ciwon daji.
"Hydras suna mai da hankali kan albarkatu da farko kan maidowa, ba haifuwa ba," in ji Vaupel. "Mutane, akasin haka, suna jagorantar albarkatun da farko don haifuwa - wannan wata dabara ce ta daban don rayuwa a matakin jinsi." Mutane na iya mutuwa ƙuruciya, amma yawan haifuwar mu na ban mamaki ya ba mu damar shawo kan waɗannan manyan adadin mutuwar. "Yanzu da mace-macen jarirai ya yi kadan, babu bukatar ba da albarkatu masu yawa don haifuwa," in ji Vaupel. "Dabarar ita ce inganta tsarin farfadowa, ba tashar wutar lantarki zuwa adadi mai yawa ba." Idan za mu iya samun hanyar da za mu dakatar da ci gaba da karuwa a lalacewa ga sel mu - don fara tsarin abin da ake kira rashin ƙarfi, ko tsufa - to watakila ba za mu sami iyakar shekarun haihuwa ba.
"Zai yi kyau a shiga duniyar da mutuwa ba ta dace ba. A yanzu, da gaske, dukkanmu muna kan hukuncin kisa, duk da cewa yawancinmu ba mu yi wani abin da ya cancanci hakan ba, "in ji Gennady Stolyarov, masanin falsafar transhumanist kuma marubucin littafin yara mai cike da cece-kuce, Death Is Wrong, wanda ke ƙarfafa matasa masu hankali su ƙi wannan ra'ayin. . cewa mutuwa babu makawa. Stolyarov yana da tabbacin cewa mutuwa shine kawai kalubalen fasaha ga bil'adama, kuma duk abin da ake buƙata don cin nasara shine isassun kudade da albarkatun ɗan adam.
Ƙarfin tuƙi don canji
Telomeres na ɗaya daga cikin wuraren sa baki na fasaha. Waɗannan ƙarshen chromosomes suna gajarta kowane lokaci sel suna rarraba, suna sanya iyaka mai ƙarfi akan sau nawa sel zasu iya kwafi.
Wasu dabbobi ba sa fuskantar wannan gajarta na telomeres - hydras na ɗaya daga cikinsu. Duk da haka, akwai kyawawan dalilai na waɗannan ƙuntatawa. Bazuwar maye gurbi na iya ƙyale sel su rarraba ba tare da rage telomeres ɗin su ba, wanda ke haifar da layukan tantanin halitta “marasa mutuwa”. Da zarar ba a sarrafa su, waɗannan ƙwayoyin da ba su mutu ba za su iya haɓaka su zama ciwace-ciwacen daji.
Stolyarov ya ce: “Mutane dubu ɗari da hamsin a duniya suna mutuwa kowace rana, kuma kashi biyu cikin uku na su suna mutuwa saboda wasu dalilai da suka shafi tsufa. "Don haka, idan muka haɓaka fasahar da ke haifar da tsarin tsufa, za mu ceci rayuka dubu ɗari a rana." Marubucin ya ba da misali da masanin ilimin gerontology Aubrey de Grey, sananne a cikin masu neman tsawaita rayuwa, yana mai bayyana cewa akwai yuwuwar kashi 50% na samun rashin tsufa a cikin shekaru 25 masu zuwa. Stolyarov ya ce: "Akwai yuwuwar hakan zai faru sa'ad da muke raye kuma kafin mu fuskanci mummunan tasirin tsufa."
Stolyarov yana fatan cewa harshen wuta zai tashi daga walƙiya na bege. "Abin da ake buƙata a yanzu shine yunƙurin yunƙuri don haɓaka saurin canjin fasaha," in ji shi. "Yanzu muna da damar yin yaki, amma don samun nasara, dole ne mu zama masu karfin kawo canji."
A halin yanzu, yayin da masu bincike ke yaki da tsufa, ya kamata mutane su tuna cewa akwai tabbatattun hanyoyi don guje wa manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa a yammacin duniya (cututtukan zuciya da ciwon daji) - motsa jiki, cin abinci mai kyau, da daidaitawa idan ya zo ga barasa da ja. nama. Kadan daga cikinmu a zahiri suna iya yin rayuwa bisa ga irin waɗannan sharuɗɗan, wataƙila saboda muna tunanin cewa gajeriyar rayuwa ce mafi kyau. Kuma a nan wata sabuwar tambaya ta taso: idan har rai na har abada yana yiwuwa, za mu kasance a shirye mu biya daidai farashin?