Dabarar gwajin enzyme immunoabsorption assay-a cikin Ingilishi Enzyme-Linked Immuno Assay-ko gwajin ELISA gwaji ne na rigakafi wanda ke ba da damar ganowa ko gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurin nazarin halittu. Masana kimiyyar Sweden biyu, Peter Perlmann da Eva Engvall a Jami'ar Stockholm sun ƙirƙira shi kuma suka haɓaka shi a Jami'ar Stockholm a 1971.

Kwayoyin da aka gwada ta hanyar ELISA galibi sunadarai ne. Kuma samfuran samfuran sun haɗa da kayan nazarin halittu masu ruwa -plasma, magani, fitsari, mai ɗaci -, kafofin watsa labarai na al'adun sel, ko furotin mai sake haɗawa -furotin da sel ya samar wanda ƙwayoyin halittar sa suka canza ta hanyar sake haɗawa -tsarkake cikin mafita.

Ana amfani da gwajin ELISA galibi a cikin rigakafin rigakafi don ganowa da / ko auna kasancewar sunadarai, ƙwayoyin rigakafi ko antigens a cikin samfurin. Wannan gwajin serological yana gano musamman ƙwayoyin rigakafi da jiki ke samarwa don amsa gurɓacewar ƙwayoyin cuta.

Amfani da garkuwar jiki don gano cututtukan cututtuka na wakiltar wata hanya ta musamman da sauri. Fasahar ELISA wata dabara ce ta immuno-enzymatic wanda ke ba da damar hangen nesa, daga samfurin nazarin halittu, halayen da ke tsakanin antigen-jikin da rayayyun halittu ke ɗauka a matsayin baƙon abu-da antibody ta yin amfani da launi launi wanda alamar enzyme ta samar- gabaɗaya alkaline phosphatase da peroxidase - waɗanda aka haɗa a baya ga antibody. Halin launi yana tabbatar da gano kwayayen ƙwayar cuta ko kasancewar ƙwayar cutar da ake so kuma tsananin launi yana ba da alamar adadin antigens ko ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurin da aka bayar.

Akwai manyan nau'ikan gwajin ELISA guda huɗu:

• ELISA kai tsaye, ya sa ya yiwu a gano ko auna garkuwar jiki. Yana amfani kawai da antibody na farko;
• ELISA kai tsaye, wanda aka fi amfani da shi, kuma yana ba da damar gano ko gwada ƙwayoyin cuta. Yana amfani da antibody na biyu wanda ke ba shi mafi kyawun hankali fiye da ELISA kai tsaye;
• ELISA a gasa, yana ba da izinin maganin antigens. An samar da gasa don shaidu, baya amfani da enzyme;
• ELISA "a cikin gurasa", yana ba da izinin maganin antigens. Ana amfani da wannan dabarar wajen bincike.

Ana amfani da gwajin ELISA don:

• Nemo da auna ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin serology don gano cututtukan cututtuka: virology, parasitology, bacteriology, da sauransu;
• Sunadarin sunadarai a cikin ƙananan yawa: takamaiman allurai na wasu sunadaran plasma (immunoglobulin E (IgE), ferritin, hormones na gina jiki, da sauransu), alamomin ƙari, da sauransu;
• Ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta: hormones steroid, hormones thyroid, kwayoyi ...

Ana amfani da gwajin ELISA musamman don gano cututtukan cututtuka da yawa:

Cututtukan jima'i (STDs)

Ciki har da hepatitis, syphilis, chlamydia da HIV. Hukumomin lafiya sun ba da shawarar, shine babban gwajin gwajin cutar kanjamau: yana nuna kasancewar ƙwayoyin rigakafin HIV da antigen p24 makonni shida bayan kamuwa da cuta.

Cututtuka na yanki ko na asali

Yellow fever, cutar Marburg virus (MVM), Ladengue, cutar Lyme, Chikungunya, zazzabin Rift Valley, Ebola, zazzabin Lassa, da sauransu.

Covid-19

Don aiwatarwa sama da makonni 2 zuwa 3 bayan bayyanar alamun, gwajin ELISA yana ba da damar ganowa, cikin ƙasa da awa ɗaya, kasancewar ƙwayoyin rigakafin SARS-CoV-2.

Kwayoyin cututtuka da ke haifar da cututtuka na haihuwa

Toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex misali.

Sauran maganganun

Amma ya kuma sami aikace -aikace a cikin ganowa:

• Masu juna biyu;
• Cututtukan autoimmune;
• Allergens na abinci: ƙimar ƙimar jimlar immunoglobulins E (IgE) yana taimakawa a kimantawa da kula da rashin lafiyar;
• Hormonal tashin hankali;
• Alamar Tumor;
• Kwayoyin cuta;
• Kuma da yawa

A matsayin wani ɓangare na gano ƙwayoyin rigakafin SARS-CoV-2, binciken matukin jirgi da Cibiyar Pasteur, CNRS, Inserm da Jami'ar Paris suka gudanar a watan Agusta 2020 ya tabbatar da amincin gwajin ELISA: duka gwajin ELISA sun gwada amfani gabaɗayan furotin N na SARS-CoV-2 (ELISA N) ko yanki na ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta (S) azaman antigens na manufa. Wannan dabarar za ta ba da damar gano ƙwayoyin rigakafi a cikin fiye da kashi 90% na lokuta, tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarya na 1%.

An gudanar da shi a dakunan gwaje -gwaje kan takaddar likitanci, gwajin Elisa yakai kusan Yuro 10 kuma Inshorar Lafiya ta biya su 100%.

An gudanar da su cikin bayanan kyauta, dubawa da cibiyoyin bincike (CeGIDD), za su iya zama kyauta ga HIV da SARS-CoV-2.