Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) masanin halitta ne dan kasar Ingila kuma matafiyi wanda ya kafa harsashin ka'idar juyin zamani da alkiblar tunanin juyin halitta wanda ke dauke da sunansa (Darwiniyanci). Jikan Erasmus Darwin da Josiah Wedgwood.

A cikin ka'idarsa, na farko da cikakken bayani game da wanda aka buga a 1859 a cikin littafin "The Origin of Species" (cikakken taken: "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Survival of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life"). ), Darwin ya ba da muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin juyin halitta zuwa zaɓin yanayi da kuma canji mara iyaka.

gajeren tarihin rayuwa

Yi karatu da tafiya

An haifi Fabrairu 12, 1809 a Shrewsbury. Ya yi karatun likitanci a University of Edinburgh. A 1827 ya shiga Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ya karanta ilimin tauhidi na tsawon shekaru uku. A 1831, bayan kammala karatunsa daga jami'a, Darwin, a matsayin masanin halitta, ya tafi tafiya a duniya a kan balaguron jirgin ruwa na Royal Navy, Beagle, daga inda ya koma Ingila kawai a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1836. A lokacin tafiya. Darwin ya ziyarci tsibirin Tenerife, da Cape Verde Islands, da gabar tekun Brazil, da Argentina, da Uruguay, da Tierra del Fuego, da Tasmania da kuma tsibirin Cocos, inda daga nan ne ya kawo dubai da dama. An bayyana sakamakon a cikin ayyukan "Diary of a naturalist's research" (Jarida ta Mawallafin Halitta, 1839), "The Zoology of Voyage on the Beagle" (Zoology na Tafiya a kan Beagle, 1840), "Tsarin da rarraba murjani reefs" (Tsari da Rarraba Ruwan Murjani1842);

Ayyukan kimiyya

1838-1841. Darwin shine sakataren kungiyar Geological Society of London. A 1839 ya yi aure, kuma a cikin 1842 ma'auratan sun tashi daga London zuwa Down (Kent), inda suka fara rayuwa na dindindin. Anan Darwin ya jagoranci keɓe da auna rayuwar masanin kimiyya da marubuci.

Daga 1837, Darwin ya fara ajiye diary inda ya shigar da bayanai kan nau'ikan dabbobin gida da nau'in shuka, da kuma la'akari da zaɓin yanayi. A cikin 1842 ya rubuta makala ta farko akan asalin nau'in. Tun daga shekara ta 1855, Darwin ya yi magana da wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka masanin ilimin halittu A. Gray, wanda ya gabatar da ra'ayoyinsa bayan shekaru biyu. A cikin 1856, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Ingilishi masanin ilimin geologist kuma masanin halitta C. Lyell, Darwin ya fara shirya na uku, fadada sigar littafin. A watan Yuni 1858, sa’ad da aikin ya ƙare rabin lokaci, na sami wasiƙa daga masanin halitta ɗan Ingilishi AR Wallace tare da rubutun labarin na ƙarshe. A cikin wannan labarin, Darwin ya gano wani taƙaitaccen bayani na ka'idarsa ta zaɓin yanayi. Masanan dabi'un biyu da kansu kuma a lokaci guda sun haɓaka ka'idoji iri ɗaya. Dukansu aikin TR Malthus ya rinjayi yawan jama'a; dukansu biyu sun san ra'ayoyin Lyell, dukansu sun yi nazari akan fauna, flora da geological formations na kungiyoyin tsibirin kuma sun sami bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin nau'in da ke zaune a su. Darwin ya aika da rubutun Wallace zuwa Lyell tare da nasa maƙalar, da kuma fayyace sigarsa ta biyu (1844) da kwafin wasiƙarsa zuwa ga A. Gray (1857). Lyell ya juya ga masanin ilimin botanist na Ingilishi Joseph Hooker don shawara, kuma a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1859, tare suka gabatar da ayyukan biyu ga Linnean Society a London.

Late aiki

A cikin 1859, Darwin ya buga Asalin Species ta Hanyar Zaɓin Halitta, ko Kiyaye Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a Gwagwarmaya don Rayuwa.Akan Asalin Nau'o'i Ta Hanyar Zabin Halitta, Ko Kiyaye Zaɓuɓɓuka Masu Faɗi a Gwagwarmaya ta Rayuwa.), inda ya nuna bambancin tsiro da nau'in dabbobi, asalinsu na asali daga nau'ikan da suka gabata.

A cikin 1868, Darwin ya buga aikinsa na biyu, The Change in Domestic Animals and Cultivated Plants.Bambancin Dabbobi da Shuka a Ƙarƙashin Gida), wanda ya haɗa da misalai da yawa na juyin halitta. A cikin 1871, wani muhimmin aikin Darwin ya bayyana - "Descent of Man and Sexual Selection"Saukar Mutum, da Zabi Akan Jima'i), Inda Darwin ya ba da hujja don goyon bayan asalin dabbar mutum. Sauran sanannun ayyukan Darwin sun haɗa da Barnacles (Monograph akan Cirripedia, 1851-1854); "Pollination a cikin orchids" (The Haki na Orchids, 1862); "Maganar Hankali a cikin Mutum da Dabbobi" (Bayanin Motsin rai a cikin mutum da dabbobi, 1872); "Action na giciye-pollination da kai pollination a cikin shuka duniya" (Tasirin Giciye- da Haɗin Kai a cikin Masarautar Kayan lambu.

Darwin da addini

C. Darwin ya fito ne daga yanayin da bai dace ba. Ko da yake wasu cikin iyalinsa ’yan’uwa ne da suka yi watsi da imanin addini na gargajiya, da farko shi da kansa bai yi shakkar gaskiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki ba. Ya tafi makarantar Anglican, sannan ya karanci tiyolojin Anglican a Cambridge don ya zama Fasto, kuma ya gamsu da hujjar ilimin teleological na William Paley cewa zane na hankali da aka gani a cikin yanayi yana tabbatar da samuwar Allah. Duk da haka, bangaskiyarsa ta fara girgiza yayin tafiya a kan Beagle. Ya tambayi abin da ya gani, yana mamaki, alal misali, a cikin kyawawan halittu masu zurfin teku da aka halitta a cikin zurfin da ba wanda zai iya jin dadin ganinsu, yana girgiza da ganin wata ciyawar ciyayi mai gurɓatacce, wanda ya kamata ya zama abinci mai rai ga tsutsanta. . A cikin misali na ƙarshe, ya ga sabani sarai ga ra'ayoyin Paley game da tsarin duniya mai kyau. Yayin da yake tafiya a kan Beagle, Darwin har yanzu ya kasance mai bin addini kuma yana iya yin kira ga ɗabi'a na Littafi Mai-Tsarki da kyau, amma a hankali ya fara kallon labarin halitta, kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin Tsohon Alkawari, a matsayin ƙarya kuma marar aminci.

Bayan ya dawo, ya kafa game da tattara shaidun bambancin jinsin. Ya san cewa abokansa na addini masu ra'ayin dabi'a suna ɗaukar irin wannan ra'ayi a matsayin bidi'a, suna lalata bayanai masu ban mamaki game da tsarin zamantakewa, kuma ya san cewa irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin na juyin juya hali za su gamu da rashin kwanciyar hankali na musamman a daidai lokacin da matsayin Cocin Anglican ke fuskantar wuta daga masu adawa da ra'ayi. da wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba. A asirce yana haɓaka ka'idar zaɓin yanayi, Darwin har ma ya rubuta game da addini a matsayin dabarun tsira na kabilanci, amma duk da haka ya yi imani da Allah a matsayin maɗaukakin halitta wanda ke ƙayyadaddun dokokin duniya. Bangaskiyarsa ta yi rauni a hankali a kan lokaci kuma, tare da mutuwar 'yarsa Annie a 1851, Darwin ya rasa duka bangaskiya ga allahn Kirista. Ya ci gaba da tallafa wa ikilisiyar da ke yankin kuma ya taimaka wa ’yan’uwa a cikin al’amuran gama gari, amma a ranar Lahadi, sa’ad da dukan iyalin suka je coci, yakan fita yawo. Daga baya, da aka tambaye shi game da ra’ayinsa na addini, Darwin ya rubuta cewa shi bai taba yarda da Allah ba, a ma’anar cewa bai yi musun samuwar Allah ba kuma, a dunkule, “zai fi dacewa a kwatanta yanayin tunani na a matsayin jahilci. ."

A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa na kakan Erasmus Darwin, Charles ya ambaci jita-jita na ƙarya cewa Erasmus ya yi kuka ga Allah a kan gadon mutuwarsa. Charles ya kammala labarinsa da kalmomin: "Irin wannan shine tunanin Kirista a wannan ƙasa a cikin 1802 <...> Za mu iya aƙalla fatan cewa babu irin wannan abu a yau." Duk da wannan fatan alheri, labarai masu kama da juna sun kasance tare da mutuwar Charles da kansa. Shahararriyar waɗannan shi ne abin da ake kira «labarin Lady Hope», wani mai wa'azin Ingilishi, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1915, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa Darwin ya sami tubar addini a lokacin rashin lafiya jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa. Kungiyoyin addini dabam-dabam sun yada irin waɗannan labaran sosai kuma daga ƙarshe sun sami matsayin tatsuniyoyi na birni, amma ’ya’yan Darwin sun ƙaryata su kuma masana tarihi suka watsar da su a matsayin ƙarya.

Aure da yara

Ranar 29 ga Janairu, 1839, Charles Darwin ya auri dan uwansa, Emma Wedgwood. An gudanar da bikin aure bisa al'adar Cocin Anglican, kuma bisa ga al'adun Unitarian. Da farko ma'auratan sun zauna a kan titin Gower a Landan, sannan a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1842 suka ƙaura zuwa Down (Kent). Darwins sun haifi 'ya'ya goma, uku daga cikinsu sun mutu tun suna kanana. Yawancin yara da jikoki da kansu sun sami gagarumar nasara. Wasu daga cikin yaran ba su da lafiya ko kuma suna da rauni, kuma Charles Darwin ya ji tsoron cewa dalilin shi ne kusancinsu da Emma, ​​wanda ya bayyana a cikin aikinsa game da zafin inbreeding da kuma amfanin giciye mai nisa.

Kyaututtuka da rarrabewa

Darwin ya samu lambobin yabo da dama daga kungiyoyin kimiyya na Burtaniya da sauran kasashen Turai. Darwin ya mutu a Downe, Kent, ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1882.

quotes

• "Babu wani abu mafi ban mamaki fiye da yaduwar kafircin addini, ko ra'ayi, a lokacin rabi na biyu na rayuwata."
• "Babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa asalin an baiwa mutum imani mai girma game da wanzuwar abin bautãwa mai iko duka."
• "Yayin da muka san ka'idodin yanayi maras canzawa, mafi yawan abubuwan al'ajabi sun zama gare mu."