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Ƙungiyoyin babban nau'in kifi ne, ciki har da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i-nau'i). Suna cikin dangin dutsen perch. Gabaɗaya, dangin sun haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan 100 da nau'ikan 50. Yawancin ƙungiyoyi suna zaune a yankin Indo-Pacific (fiye da nau'ikan 400). Ana iya kiran kifin wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)). Masu rukuni, duk da kamanceceniya gaba ɗaya, sun bambanta sosai a launi da girma. Bambancin launi ya dogara ba kawai akan nau'in ba, har ma a kan yanayin rayuwa. Ana kiran kifin a matsayin "hawainiyar teku". Siffofin halayen: babban kai mai katon baki, ƙananan muƙamuƙi yana tura gaba, babban jiki, matsa lamba a gefe. A kan muƙamuƙi akwai hakora masu kama da gaɓoɓi da manya da yawa, hakora masu siffa na canine. Lokacin da aka kama, kada ƙwanƙwasa ta kama kifi. Gill rakers an rufe su da kayan haɗi masu kaifi, don haka akwai haɗarin rauni. Girma na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin nau'in. A tsawon, wasu mutane sun kai fiye da 50 m, kodayake wasu suna girma fiye da 2.5 cm. Giant grouper (Red Sea da India Ocean) girma fiye da 20 kg. Ƙungiya suna da muni sosai, wasu mutane na iya zama haɗari ga iri-iri. Mafi mahimmanci, suna ganin mutum a matsayin haɗari ko ɗan takara. Duk masu rukuni, tun suna ƙanana, masu cin zarafi ne masu aiki, abubuwan abinci ba su wanzu. Kifin yana tsotse cikin wadanda abin ya shafa, yana haifar da sarari a kusa da abin da ake farauta, yana buɗe babban bakinsa mai zagaye. Yana kai hari ga ƙananan kifaye ko invertebrates, kuma, alal misali, kunkuru na teku. Halin farauta ma ya bambanta. Yana rayuwa a zurfin mabanbanta kusa da rafuka na asali daban-daban, inda yake ajiye matsuguni, jiran ganima ko yin sintiri a ƙasan ƙasa kusa da duwatsu ko tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ba su kafa manyan kungiyoyi ba, suna iya zuwa kusa da bakin teku, ko da yake sau da yawa suna rayuwa a zurfin zurfi, kimanin 400 m ko fiye.
Hanyoyin kamun kifi
Kifaye masu hadama ne da cin abinci. Mafi ban sha'awa shine kamun kifin mai son yin lallashi. Baya ga kayan aikin kadi na gargajiya, trolling, drifting da sauransu ana amfani da su a yankuna daban-daban. Hanyar kamun kifi da kayan aiki sun dogara ba kawai a kan abubuwan da ake so na masu kama ba, har ma a kan yanayin kamun kifi. Gabaɗaya, kamun kifi yana faruwa ne a zurfin zurfin ƙasa kusa da ƙasa ko kusa da ƙasa mai sarƙaƙƙiya. Tare da kowace hanyar kamun kifi, ana amfani da bats masu nauyi ko zurfafa na musamman, kamar yadda yake a cikin trolling. Lokacin zabar kaya, ya kamata ku gano girman yiwuwar kofuna.
Kama 'yan wasa akan juyi
Babban hanyar kifi tare da kayan juyawa shine jigging. Kamun kifi, galibi, yana faruwa ne daga jiragen ruwa na azuzuwan daban-daban. Don magance, a cikin kamun kifi don kifin teku, kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin trolling, babban abin da ake buƙata shine dogaro. Reels ya kamata ya kasance tare da wadataccen layin kamun kifi ko igiya. Baya ga tsarin birki mara matsala, dole ne a kiyaye nada daga ruwan gishiri. Juya kamun kifi daga jirgin ruwa na iya bambanta a ƙa'idodin samar da koto. A cikin nau'ikan kayan kamun kifi da yawa, ana buƙatar wayoyi da sauri sosai, wanda ke nufin babban rabon kayan aikin injin iska. Bisa ga ka'idar aiki, coils na iya zama duka biyu masu yawa kuma marasa aiki. Sabili da haka, an zaɓi sandunan dangane da tsarin reel. Lokacin kamun kifi tare da kifin ruwa mai jujjuyawa, dabarun kamun kifi na da matukar muhimmanci. Don zaɓar madaidaicin wayoyi, ya kamata ka tuntuɓi ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru ko jagorori.
Kama 'yan wasa akan trolling
Ƙungiyoyi, saboda girmansu da yanayin su, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin abokin adawa mai ban sha'awa don trolling. Don kama su, kuna buƙatar mafi girman maganin kamun kifi. Tushen teku wata hanya ce ta kamun kifi tare da taimakon abin hawa mai motsi, kamar jirgin ruwa ko jirgin ruwa. Don kamun kifi a sararin samaniyar teku da teku, ana amfani da jiragen ruwa na musamman sanye da na'urori masu yawa. Manyan su ne masu rike da sanda, bugu da kari, jiragen ruwa suna sanye da kujeru don wasan kifaye, teburi don yin koto, masu sautin sauti mai ƙarfi da ƙari. Hakanan ana amfani da sanduna na musamman, waɗanda aka yi da fiberglass da sauran polymers tare da kayan aiki na musamman. Ana amfani da coils mai yawa, matsakaicin iya aiki. Na'urar trolling reels tana ƙarƙashin babban ra'ayin irin wannan kayan - ƙarfi. Ana auna layin mono-line, mai kauri har zuwa mm 4 ko sama da haka, tare da irin wannan kamun, cikin kilomita. Akwai na'urori masu yawa da yawa waɗanda ake amfani da su dangane da yanayin kamun kifi: don zurfafa kayan aiki, don sanya koto a wurin kamun kifi, don haɗa koto, da sauransu, gami da abubuwa da yawa na kayan aiki. Game da kama masu rukuni, wani muhimmin abu na kayan aiki shine sinkers daban-daban (borrowers). Ana kama kifi, mafi yawan lokuta, suna yawo tare da raƙuman ruwa na asali daban-daban, suna jefa bat a kusa da wuraren tsayawar kifin. Trolling, musamman lokacin farautar kattai na teku, nau'in kamun kifi ne na rukuni. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana amfani da sanduna da yawa. A cikin yanayin cizo, don kamawa mai nasara, haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar yana da mahimmanci. Kafin tafiya, yana da kyau a gano ka'idodin kamun kifi a yankin. A mafi yawan lokuta, ƙwararrun jagororin ke yin kamun kifi waɗanda ke da cikakken alhakin taron. Yana da kyau a lura cewa neman ganima a cikin teku ko a cikin teku na iya haɗawa da sa'o'i da yawa na jiran cizo, wani lokacin ba a yi nasara ba.
Kama ƴan ƙungiya ta hanyar tuƙi
Kamun kifin rukuni ta hanyar tuƙi ya haɗa da amfani da jiragen ruwa na musamman ko jiragen ruwa masu riƙon sanda. Ya kamata a la'akari da cewa girman kofuna na iya zama mahimmanci, wanda ke buƙatar horo na musamman daga masu shirya kamun kifi. Ana yin kamun kifi tare da taimakon sandunan ruwa tare da tartsatsi don baits na halitta. Ana aiwatar da "drift" kanta saboda igiyoyin ruwa ko iska. A mafi yawan lokuta, ana yin kamun kifi tare da lallaɓar mafarauta ta nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban. A kan magudanar ruwa, wasu maharba suna amfani da manyan ƙararrawar cizon bobber. Jinkirin motsi na jirgin yana ƙara sararin kamun kifi kuma yana haifar da kwaikwayo na motsi na koto.
Batsa
Don kama masu rukuni tare da kayan aikin mai son, suna amfani da iri-iri, duka na wucin gadi da na halitta da nozzles. Daga cikin na halitta, ya kamata a lura da kananan kifaye masu rai, alal misali, barracudas matasa, sardines. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da ƙananan cephalopods. Don kamun kifi akan kadi, amai ko trolling, ana amfani da nau'ikan wobblers iri-iri da kwaikwaiyon silicone na wucin gadi.
Wuraren kamun kifi da wurin zama
Ƙungiyoyin ƙungiya sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a kusan dukkan ruwan dumi na Tekun Duniya da tekunan da ke cikinsa. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, yawancin nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi suna rayuwa a cikin Tekun Pasifik da Tekun Indiya. A cikin Tekun Atlantika, jinsuna da yawa suna zaune a cikin Caribbean, da kuma Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya. A wajen gabar tekun Amurka, kifaye suna rayuwa a cikin sahun da ba a daina ba. Manyan gungun 'yan bindiga a gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma.
Ciyarwa
Ga wakilan dangin Serranidae, wanda ƙungiyoyin ke ciki, wani nau'in sifa yana da halaye a cikin hanyar haifuwa. Yawancin nau'ikan sune hermaphrodites. A tsawon rayuwa, suna canza jinsi. Ga mafi yawan masu rukuni, irin waɗannan metamorphoses na iya faruwa sau da yawa a cikin rayuwa, a wata hanya ko wata. A lokacin haifuwa, suna kafa ƙungiyoyi masu yawa, suna haifar da miliyoyin ƙwai, amma yawancinsu ba sa rayuwa. An yi imani da cewa a lokacin haifuwa, kifi yana da karfi zhhor. A cikin Tekun Mexiko, a lokacin haifuwa, ana samun yawan kama gungun masu tarukan taru da kayan ƙugiya, wanda ke shafar adadin waɗannan kifin sosai.