Kwakwalwa (daga Latin cerebellum, diminutive na cerebrum) ita ce mafi hadadden gabo a jikin mutum. Wurin zama na tunaninmu, motsin zuciyarmu da jagoran motsinmu (sai dai reflexes), shine mabuɗin tsarin jijiya.

Kwakwalwa na cikin kwakwalwa ne, wanda kuma ya hada da diencephalon, kwakwalwa da cerebellum.

Kwakwalwa tana cikin akwatin cranial wanda ke kare ta daga girgiza. Hakanan yana kewaye da membranes masu kariya guda uku, meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, da pia mater). A cikin manya, yana auna kusan kilogiram 1,3 kuma ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin jijiya biliyan da yawa: neurons. Yana cikin dakatarwa a cikin ruwan cerebrospinal, ruwan sha mai girgiza wanda ke ba da damar jigilar kwayoyin halitta da dawo da sharar gida.

Tsarin waje

Kwakwalwa ta kasu kashi biyu: bangaren dama da bangaren hagu. Kowace hemisphere tana sarrafa wani sashe dabam na jiki: sashin hagu yana sarrafa bangaren dama na jiki kuma akasin haka.

Ƙarshen hagu gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da dabaru da harshe, yayin da dama shine wurin zama na fahimta, motsin rai da ma'anar fasaha. Suna sadarwa ta hanyar tsarin ƙwayoyin jijiya: corpus callosum. A saman hemispheres an lullube shi da cortex na cerebral, launin toka ne saboda yana dauke da jikin kwayoyin halitta. Juyin juya hali ne ke ratsa cikin bawo, waɗanda su ne folds na ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa.

Kowane hemisphere ya kasu kashi biyar lobes:

• lobe na gaba, a gaba, a bayan goshi
• lobe na parietal, a bayan gaba
• lobe na wucin gadi yana gefe, kusa da kashi na lokaci
• occipital lobe, a baya, a matakin kashi occipital
• lobe na 5 ba a bayyane a saman, shine insula ko tsibirin tsibirin: yana cikin kwakwalwa.

Lobes an iyakance su a tsakanin su ta hanyar tsagi, waɗanda ke da tsagi a saman cortex.

Jijiyoyin cranial sun samo asali ne a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma kwakwalwa. Akwai nau'i-nau'i guda goma sha biyu daga cikinsu waɗanda suka shafi hangen nesa, dandano, wari ko ji ko ma a cikin bayyanar fuska.

Ana ba da kwakwalwa ta hanyar carotid artery na ciki na hagu da kuma jijiyar vertebral, wanda ke ba da abinci mai gina jiki da oxygen da ake bukata don aikin da ya dace na sel.

Tsarin ciki

Ciki na kwakwalwa yana kunshe da nama na kwakwalwa da ake kira farin kwayoyin halitta. Ya ƙunshi zaruruwan jijiyoyi waɗanda ke ɗaukar motsin jijiyoyi zuwa ko daga cortex. Waɗannan zaruruwa suna kewaye da myelin, wani farar rigar kariya (saboda haka farin abu) wanda ke hanzarta watsa saƙonnin jijiyoyi.

A tsakiyar kwakwalwa kuma akwai ɗakunan da ake kira ventricles waɗanda ke ba da damar zagayawan ruwa na cerebrospinal.

Kwakwalwa ita ce:

• 2% na nauyin mu
• 20% na makamashin da ake cinyewa

Kwakwalwa tana sadarwa tare da dukkanin kwayoyin halitta. Ana samar da wannan sadarwa ta jijiyoyi. Jijiyoyin suna ba da damar saurin isar da saƙon lantarki da sauri kamar motsa jiki.Kwakwalwa, hasumiya mai sarrafa jiki

Haɗe da kashin baya, kwakwalwa ta ƙunshi tsarin kulawa na tsakiya. Wannan tsarin shine umarninmu da cibiyar kulawa: yana fassara bayanan hankali daga yanayin (ciki da waje na jiki) kuma yana iya aika martani a cikin nau'i na umarnin mota (kunna tsokoki ko gland).

Ayyuka kamar magana, fassarar abubuwan jin daɗi ko motsi na son rai sun samo asali ne a cikin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa. Neurons a cikin cortex suna fassara saƙonnin azanci da haɓaka amsa masu dacewa a yankuna masu ƙwarewa a sarrafa bayanai. Ana samun waɗannan yankuna a matakin:

• Daga cikin lobe na parietal, tare da wuraren da ke cikin tsinkayen hankali (dandano, tabawa, zazzabi, zafi)
• Na lobe na wucin gadi, tare da wuraren ji da wari, fahimtar harshe
• Daga occipital lobe, tare da cibiyoyin hangen nesa
• Daga lobe na gaba, tare da tunani da tsara ayyuka, motsin rai da mutuntaka, ƙungiyoyi na son rai da samar da harshe.

Launuka a waɗannan wuraren na iya haifar da rashin aiki. Misali, raunin yankin da aka sadaukar don samar da harshe sannan yana danne ikon furta kalmomin. Mutane sun san abin da suke so su faɗa amma ba za su iya furta kalmomin ba.

Bugun jini (bugun jini) : ya biyo bayan toshewa ko fashewar magudanar jini, wanda ke haddasa mutuwar kwayoyin jijiyoyi. Ya haɗa da kumburin kwakwalwa ko thrombosis.

Alzheimer ta cutar : cututtukan neurodegenerative wanda ke haifar da raguwar haɓakar fahimi da ƙwaƙwalwa.

Rikicin farfadiya : ana siffanta shi da fitar da jijiyoyi mara kyau a cikin kwakwalwa.

mawuyacin : daya daga cikin cututtukan hauka da ake yawan samu. Damuwa cuta ce da ke shafar yanayi, tunani da hali, amma har da jiki.

Yanayin mutuƙar ƙwaƙwalwa (ko mutuwar encephalic): yanayin halakar da ba za a iya jurewa ba na ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke haifar da jimlar dakatar da ayyukan ƙwaƙwalwa da rashin zagayawa na jini. Wannan yanayin na iya biyo bayan raunin kai ko bugun jini, alal misali.

Hydrocephalus : yayi daidai da yawan ruwa na cerebrospinal a cikin kwakwalwa lokacin da fitar da wannan ruwan ba a yi daidai ba.

Ciwon kai (ciwon kai) : zafi na yau da kullun da ake ji a cikin akwatin cranial.

Cutar Charcot (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ko cutar Lou Gehrig): cutar neurodegenerative. Yana ci gaba da shafar neurons kuma yana haifar da rauni na tsoka sannan kuma ya shanye.

Kwayoyin Parkinson : cututtukan neurodegenerative wanda ke haifar da jinkiri da ci gaba da mutuwar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yanki na kwakwalwa wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sarrafa motsinmu. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa a hankali mutanen da ke fama da cutar suna yin katsalandan, ɓacin rai da motsin da ba za a iya sarrafa su ba.

Meningitis : kumburin maniyyi wanda kwayar cuta ko kwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa. Na asalin ƙwayoyin cuta gabaɗaya ya fi tsanani.

migraine : wani nau'i na ciwon kai wanda ke bayyana kansa a cikin hare-haren da suka fi tsayi da tsanani fiye da ciwon kai.

Schizophrenia : ciwon hauka wanda ke haifar da abin da ake kira rikice-rikice na kwakwalwa: wanda ya fi dacewa ya fi fama da ruɗi da ruɗi.

mahara sclerosis : cututtukan autoimmune wanda ke shafar tsarin juyayi na tsakiya (kwakwalwa, jijiyoyi na gani da kashin baya). Yana haifar da raunuka waɗanda ke haifar da damuwa a cikin watsa sakonnin jijiyoyi wanda ke shafar sarrafa motsi, tsinkaye, ƙwaƙwalwa, magana, da dai sauransu.

Tashin rauni : yana nuna girgiza da aka samu a kai a matakin kwanyar, ba tare da la'akari da tashin hankalinsa ba. Suna da yawa kuma suna da matakai daban-daban (rauni, matsakaici, mai tsanani). Mummunan rauni yana haifar da lalacewar kwakwalwa kuma shine babban sanadin mutuwa tsakanin masu shekaru 15-25. Hatsarin mota shine babban abin da ke haifar da raunuka amma har da hadurran da ke da alaka da wasanni.

Ciwon kwakwalwa (Cancer kwakwalwa): yawaitar sel marasa kyau a cikin kwakwalwa. Ciwon daji watakila bashi ou smart.

rigakafin

A cikin 2012, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) 6 ta kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 17,5 sun mutu sakamakon cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini kamar bugun jini. Samun ingantaccen salon rayuwa zai hana 80% na waɗannan shanyewar jiki. Lallai, cin abinci mai kyau, motsa jiki na yau da kullun da guje wa shan taba da barasa zai hana waɗannan cututtuka.

A cewar WHO (7), cutar Alzheimer ita ce mafi yawan sanadin cutar hauka kuma tana haifar da 60-70% na lokuta. Abin takaici, babu wata dabarar rigakafi ta ƙarshe. Duk da haka, kula da abincin ku, kula da aikin jiki da horar da hankali shine hanyoyin rigakafi. Wasu cututtuka, irin su ciwon kwakwalwa ko sclerosis, ba za a iya hana su ba saboda ba a san abubuwan da ke haifar da su ba. Cutar Parkinson ita ma ba za a iya karewa ba, amma binciken kimiyya ya nuna wasu halaye da za su iya samar da abin da ake kira tasirin kariya.

Hana ciwon kai yana yiwuwa, duk da haka, lokacin da ya dage sosai ko kuma magungunan da aka saba yi ba sa aiki. Wannan rigakafin zai iya haɗawa da rage damuwa ko rage shan barasa, misali.

jiyya

Shan wasu magunguna (ciki har da magungunan rage damuwa, masu shakatawa na tsoka, maganin barci, anxiolytics, ko ma antihistamines don allergies) na iya haifar da asarar ƙwaƙwalwa. Amma a cikin waɗannan lokuta, za su iya zama masu juyawa.

A cewar wani bincike na Amurka (8), bayyanar da mata masu juna biyu zuwa gurbatacciyar yanayi mai guba (sakamakon konewar itace ko gawayi alal misali) zai haifar da dagula ci gaban tayin. Yaran za su gabatar da matsalolin ɗabi'a na musamman da raguwar ƙarfin hankali.

biopsy : jarrabawa wanda ya ƙunshi ɗaukar samfurin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta don sanin nau'in ciwon daji da kuma zaɓar magani mafi dacewa.

Echo-Doppler transcrania : gwajin da ke lura da yadda jini ke gudana a cikin manyan tasoshin kwakwalwa. Yana ba da damar, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, kimanta raunin kai ko gano mutuwar kwakwalwa.

Electroencephalogramme : gwajin da ke auna aikin wutar lantarki na kwakwalwa, ana amfani da shi ne don gano ciwon farfadiya.

Brain MRI : fasahar maganadisu na maganadisu, MRI jarrabawa ce da ke ba da damar gano rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ana amfani da shi, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, don tabbatar da ganewar cutar bugun jini ko gano ciwon daji.

PET dubawa : wanda kuma ake kira positron emission tomoscintigraphy, wannan gwajin hoto na aiki yana ba da damar ganin yadda aikin gabobin ke aiki ta hanyar allura na wani ruwa mai rediyo da ke bayyane a hoto.

Na'urar daukar hoto ta kwakwalwa da kashin baya : wanda kuma ake kira computed tomography ko computed tomography, wannan fasahar daukar hoto tana amfani da hasken X-ray don ganin tsarin kwanyar ko kashin baya. Shi ne babban bincike don gano ciwon daji.

Nazarin jiki : shine mataki na farko a duk wani bincike na cuta na kwakwalwa ko tsarin juyayi. Likitan da ke halarta ko ƙwararren ƙwaƙwalwa ne ke yin shi. Na farko, ya tambayi majiyyaci game da tarihin iyalinsa, alamun bayyanarsa, da sauransu. sannan ya yi gwajin jiki (duba ra'ayi, ji, tabawa, hangen nesa, daidaitawa, da dai sauransu) (9).

Lumbar dam : Samfurin ruwa na cerebrospinal ta amfani da allura daga ƙananan baya (lumbar vertebrae). A wannan yanayin, bincikensa zai iya ƙayyade kasancewar ƙwayoyin ciwon daji.

Binciken farko

Wani likitan dan kasar Italiya, Luigi Galvani ya fara nuna yanayin lantarki na saƙon jijiya a shekara ta 1792, ta hanyar gwaji akan tafin kwadi! Kusan ƙarni biyu bayan haka, a cikin 1939, Huxley da Hodgkin sun fara rubuta yuwuwar aiki (shafin jijiya) a cikin babban jijiyar squid (10).

Girman kwakwalwa da hankali

Masana kimiyya sun dade suna gaskata cewa girman kwakwalwa da hankali za a iya danganta su. A cewar wani bincike na kasa da kasa11, ba a sanin hankali da girman kwakwalwa, sai dai ta hanyar tsarinsa da kuma alakar da ke tsakanin fararen kwayoyin halitta da launin toka. An kuma ambata cewa maza, waɗanda gabaɗaya suna da girman kwakwalwa fiye da mata, ba su nuna manyan ayyuka na hankali ba. Hakazalika, mahalarta masu manyan kwakwalwa da ba a saba gani ba sun sami maki ƙasa da matsakaici akan gwaje-gwajen hankali.

Alal misali, Einstein yana da ƙarami fiye da matsakaicin kwakwalwa.