Black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) hoto da bayanin

Black truffle (Tuber melanosporum)

• Baƙar fata truffle na Faransa
• Perigord truffle (ya fito ne daga yankin tarihi na Perigord a Faransa)
• Baƙar fata na gaske na Faransanci

Baƙar fata, (lat. tuber melanosporum or tuber nigrum) wani naman kaza ne na halittar Truffle (lat. Tuber) na dangin Truffle (lat. Tuberaceae).

Akwai kusan nau'ikan truffles talatin, kawai takwas daga cikinsu suna da ban sha'awa daga ra'ayi na abinci. Mafi kyawun zaɓi shine Perigord black truffle Tuber melanosporum. Duk da nunin kai tsaye na wurin zama a cikin sunan, ana rarraba wannan nau'in ba kawai a cikin Perigord ba, har ma a kudu maso gabashin Faransa, da Italiya da Spain. Na dogon lokaci an yi imani da cewa truffles ba kome ba ne fiye da girma a kan tushen bishiyoyi, amma a gaskiya su ne namomin kaza masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ke da siffofi guda biyu. Da fari dai, truffle yana girma a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a zurfin santimita 5-30, wanda ke sa ya zama da wahala a samu. Na biyu kuma, wannan naman gwari ba zai iya rayuwa kawai a cikin ƙasa mara kyau ba kuma yana cikin kawance da bishiyoyi, kuma a cikin zaɓar “abokiyar rayuwa” truffle yana da ɗaci sosai kuma ya fi son yin aiki tare da itacen oak da hazel. Itacen yana samar da naman gwari tare da abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci, kuma mycelium a zahiri yana lullube tushen bishiyar kuma ta haka yana inganta ikon su na sha gishiri da ruwa na ma'adinai, kuma yana ba da kariya daga cututtuka daban-daban. A lokaci guda kuma, duk sauran ciyayi a kusa da bishiyar sun mutu, an kafa abin da ake kira "da'irar mayya", wanda ke nuna cewa yankin na namomin kaza ne.

Babu wanda ya ga yadda suke girma. Hatta masu tara su daga tsara zuwa tsara. Domin duk rayuwar truffle yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma yana dogara gaba ɗaya akan bishiyoyi ko shrubs, tushen wanda ya zama ainihin masu cin abinci na waɗannan namomin kaza, suna raba abubuwan da ke cikin carbohydrate tare da su. Gaskiya, don kiran truffles freeloaders zai zama rashin adalci. Gidan yanar gizo na filaments na mycelium na naman gwari, yana rufe tushen tushen shuka, yana taimaka masa don cire ƙarin danshi kuma, ƙari, yana kare kowane nau'in cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar phytophthora.

Baƙar fata truffle duhu ne, kusan baƙar fata tuber; namansa yana da haske da farko, sannan ya yi duhu (zuwa launin shuɗi-baƙar fata mai ɗigon fari).

Jikin 'ya'yan itacen yana ƙarƙashin ƙasa, tuberous, zagaye ko mara kyau a siffa, 3-9 cm a diamita. Saman yana da ja-launin ruwan kasa, daga baya zuwa ga kwal-baki, yana juye da tsatsa idan an danna shi. An rufe shi da ƙananan ƙananan rashin daidaituwa tare da fuskoki 4-6.

Naman yana da wuya, da farko haske, launin toka ko ruwan hoda-launin ruwan kasa tare da farin ko ja mai launin marmara a kan yanke, ya yi duhu tare da spores kuma ya zama launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa zuwa baki-violet tare da shekaru, veins a ciki ya kasance. Yana da ƙamshi mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da ɗanɗano mai daɗi tare da tint mai ɗaci.

Spore foda yana da duhu launin ruwan kasa, spores 35 × 25 µm, fusiform ko m, mai lankwasa.

Mycorrhiza yana tasowa tare da itacen oak, sau da yawa tare da wasu bishiyoyi masu banƙyama. Yana girma a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka tare da ƙasa mai ƙima a zurfin santimita da yawa zuwa rabin mita. Ya fi kowa a Faransa, tsakiyar Italiya da Spain. A Faransa, an san abubuwan da aka gano na baƙar fata a duk yankuna, amma manyan wuraren girma suna a kudu maso yammacin kasar (sassan Dordogne, Lot, Gironde), wani wurin girma yana cikin sashen kudu maso gabashin Vaucluse.

An noma shi a kasar Sin.

Ƙarfin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙamshin baƙar fata yana jawo hankalin aladu, waɗanda ke tono jikin 'ya'yan itace kuma suna haɓaka yaduwar spores. A cikin truffles, larvae na kudanci suna tasowa, kwari masu girma sau da yawa suna mamaye ƙasa, ana iya amfani da wannan don nemo jikin 'ya'yan itace.

Lokacin: daga farkon Disamba zuwa Maris 15, ana tattara tarin yawanci a farkon watanni na shekara.

A al'adance ana girbe baƙar fata tare da taimakon aladu da aka horar da su, amma tunda waɗannan dabbobin suna lalata ƙasa daji, an kuma horar da karnuka don wannan dalili.

Don gourmets, ƙamshin ƙanshin waɗannan namomin kaza yana da ƙimar farko. Wasu suna lura da damshin gandun daji da kuma ɗan alamar barasa a cikin warin truffles baƙar fata, wasu - inuwa na cakulan.

Black truffles sun fi sauƙi a samu - "mycelium" nasu yana lalata yawancin ciyayi a kusa. Sabili da haka, wurin girma na truffles baƙar fata yana da sauƙin ganewa ta jimlar alamun.