Contents
Babi na 12 ya tabo a taƙaice kan batutuwa biyu da ba a tattauna a baya ba waɗanda za su iya ba da sha’awa ga mai karatu.
Na farko, zan yi la'akari da tasirin abubuwan ilimin halitta akan zalunci. Kodayake abin da ke mayar da hankali ga wannan littafi yana kan matakai na tunani da abubuwan da ke cikin halin yanzu da / ko abubuwan da suka gabata, har yanzu muna buƙatar yarda cewa zalunci a cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi ma saboda tsarin ilimin lissafi a cikin jiki da kwakwalwa.
An riga an gudanar da bincike da yawa kan rawar da masu tantance ilimin halitta suka taka. Koyaya, babi na gaba zai kasance mai zaɓi sosai kuma zai taɓa ɗan ƙaramin ɓangaren iliminmu game da tasirin ilimin lissafi akan zalunci. Bayan an yi la'akari da ra'ayin m ilhami a taƙaice, Na yi nazarin tasirin gado a kan mutane propensities na tashin hankali, sa'an nan kuma na bincika yiwuwar tasiri na jima'i hormones a kan daban-daban manifestations na tashin hankali.
Babin ya ƙare da ɗan taƙaitaccen bayani kan yadda barasa zai iya yin tasiri a kan aiwatar da tashin hankali. Wannan babin yana magana da farko game da tambayoyin hanyoyin. Yawancin ra'ayoyi da zato da aka gabatar anan sun dogara ne akan gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar tare da yara da manya.
Ƙarin tunani ya keɓanta ga ma'anar da masu bincike ke amfani da su don yin gwaje-gwaje akan halayen ɗan adam.
Kishirwar ƙiyayya da halaka?
A shekara ta 1932, Ƙungiyar Al’ummai ta gayyaci Albert Einstein don ya zaɓi fitaccen mutum kuma ya yi musanyar ra’ayi da shi a kan matsalolin da suka fi damun zamaninmu. Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya ta so ta buga tattaunawar don sauƙaƙe wannan sadarwa a tsakanin shugabannin masana a yau. Einstein ya amince kuma ya yi tayin tattauna musabbabin rikice-rikicen duniya. Tunawa da kisan gillar da aka yi a yakin duniya na farko har yanzu an kiyaye shi sosai a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar masanin kimiyya, kuma ya yi imanin cewa babu wata tambaya mafi mahimmanci fiye da "neman wata hanya don ceton bil'adama daga barazanar yaki." Babban masanin kimiyyar lissafi tabbas bai yi tsammanin mafita mai sauƙi ga wannan matsalar ba. Da yake zargin cewa tsageranci da rashin tausayi sun lullube a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam, ya juya ga wanda ya kafa psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, don tabbatar da hasashensa. Duba →
Shin mutane suna da ilhami na tashin hankali? Menene ilhami?
Domin fahimtar manufar wani ilhami sha'awa ga zalunci, dole ne mu fara bayyana ma'anar kalmar «ilhami». Ana amfani da kalmar ta hanyoyi dabam-dabam, kuma ba koyaushe yana yiwuwa a faɗi da tabbaci ainihin abin da ake nufi da mutum ya yi maganar ɗabi’a ta zahiri ba. Wani lokaci mukan ji cewa mutum, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar kwatsam halin da ake ciki, «yi instinctively. Shin hakan yana nufin ya mayar da martani ne ta hanyar tsarin halitta, ko kuma ya yi wani yanayi da ba a zato ba tare da tunani ba? Duba →
Sukar ra'ayin gargajiya na ilhami
Babban matsala tare da ra'ayi na al'ada na ilhami shine rashin isasshen tushe mai mahimmanci. Masana halayyar dabba sun yi tambaya da gaske da yawa na da'awar Lorenz game da tashin hankalin dabbobi. Dauki, musamman, jawabinsa game da hana ta'addanci ta atomatik a cikin nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban. Lorenz ya bayyana cewa galibin dabbobin da ke iya kashe sauran nau'in jinsinsu cikin sauki suna da hanyoyin da za su daina kai hare-hare cikin sauri. ’Yan Adam ba su da irin wannan tsarin, kuma mu ne kawai nau’in da za mu halaka kanta. Duba →
Tasirin gado akan tashin hankali
A watan Yulin 1966, wani matashi mai tabin hankali mai suna Richard Speck ya kashe ma'aikatan jinya takwas a Chicago. Mummunan laifin dai ya ja hankalin daukacin kasar baki daya, 'yan jaridu sun bayyana wannan dalla-dalla. Ya zama sananne ga jama'a cewa Speck ya sa "haife shi don tada jahannama" tattoo a hannunsa.
Ba mu sani ba idan an haifi Richard Speck tare da halayen aikata laifuka wanda ya sa shi ya aikata wannan laifi ba tare da izini ba, ko kuma idan "kwayoyin tashin hankali" da ko ta yaya suka motsa shi ya kashe sun fito ne daga iyayensa, amma ina so in yi tambaya gaba ɗaya: shin akwai wani hali na gado zuwa tashin hankali? Duba →
Bambance-bambancen jima'i a cikin bayyanar da zalunci
Bambance-bambance a cikin bayyanar da zalunci a cikin wakilan jinsin biyu sun zama batun tattaunawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wataƙila masu karatu da yawa za su yi mamakin sanin cewa akwai jayayya kan wannan batu. A kallo na farko, da alama a bayyane yake cewa maza sun fi mata saurin fuskantar hare-haren tashin hankali. Duk da haka, yawancin masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun yi imanin cewa bambancin ba a bayyane yake ba, kuma wani lokacin ba a iya gani ba (duba, misali: Frodi, Macalay & Thome, 1977). Bari mu yi la'akari da nazarin waɗannan bambance-bambance kuma muyi ƙoƙarin ƙayyade rawar da hormones na jima'i a cikin tayar da zalunci. Duba →
Tasirin hormones
Hormones na jima'i na iya yin tasiri ga tashin hankali na dabba. Dole ne kawai mutum ya kalli abin da ke faruwa idan aka jefa dabba. Dokin daji yakan zama doki mai biyayya, bijimin daji ya zama bijimi a hankali, kare mai wasa ya zama dabbar dawa. Hakanan ana iya samun sakamako mai kishiyar. Lokacin da aka yi wa dabbar da aka jefar da ita da testosterone, zafinta yana ƙaruwa kuma (wani nazari na musamman kan wannan batu Elizabeth Beeman, Beeman, 1947 ne ya yi).
Wataƙila zaluncin ɗan adam, kamar cin zarafi na dabba, ya dogara da hormones na jima'i na maza? Duba →
Barasa da zalunci
Batun ƙarshe na ɗan taƙaitaccen bita na game da tasirin abubuwan halitta akan zalunci shine tasirin barasa. An dade da sanin cewa ayyukan mutane na iya canzawa sosai bayan shan barasa, barasa na iya, a cikin kalmomin Shakespeare, "sace tunaninsu" kuma, watakila, har ma "juya su cikin dabbobi."
Kididdigar laifuffuka ta bayyana kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin barasa da tashin hankali. Misali, a cikin binciken alakar maye da kisan mutane, barasa ya taka rawa a cikin rabin ko kashi biyu bisa uku na duk kisan da 'yan sandan Amurka suka yi a shekarun baya. Har ila yau, shaye-shayen barasa yana tasiri nau'ikan halaye na rashin zaman lafiya, gami da tashin hankalin gida. Duba →
Summary
A cikin wannan babi, na yi la'akari da hanyoyi da yawa waɗanda hanyoyin nazarin halittu ke tasiri ga ɗabi'a mai tsanani. Na fara da nazari na al'adar al'ada ta m ilhami, musamman amfani da wannan ra'ayi a cikin psychoanalytic ka'idar Sigmund Freud da kuma a ɗan kama da formulations gabatar da Konrad Lorenz. Duk da cewa kalmar « ilhami » ba ta da ma'ana sosai kuma tana da ma'anoni daban-daban, duka Freud da Lorentz sun ɗauki "ɗaɗaɗɗen ilhami" don zama abin halitta kuma ba tare da bata lokaci ba ya haifar da sha'awar halaka mutum. Duba →
Chapter 13
Daidaitaccen tsarin gwaji. Wasu muhawara don tallafawa gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje. Duba →